since the 1960 child safety systems in cars have been developed. the 3 point safety belt for adults rated as one of the 10 most important inventions for mankind, the seat belt has saved more than 1.5 million lives. as well children have to be secured in a car but the 3 point belt is designed for adults. a 27 kg child is forced forward with 1.200 kg at 48 kph impact velocity. here vulnerable bod...

INTRODUCTION Balance impairments are common in patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia and are among the most debilitating symptoms, as they frequently result in falls and fall-related injuries. Several features of hereditary spastic paraplegia contribute to balance impairments and multiple treatment options exist. However, an overview of these underlying mechanisms and their treatment is c...

HYPOTHESIS The use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) during repair of traumatic aortic injuries is associated with a decreased incidence of postoperative paraplegia and mortality. DESIGN AND SETTING Historical cohort study with contemporaneous but nonrandomized controls in a tertiary care hospital from July 1, 1988, through December 31, 1999. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS Consecutive cas...

Paraplegia may increase the susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias by altering the autonomic control of the heart. Altered cardiac autonomic control has been documented to change the expression of genes encoding cardiac calcium regulatory proteins. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that paraplegia alters cardiac electrophysiology with concomitant changes in calcium regulatory proteins in a...

Acute non-traumatic spinal subdural hematoma (SSDH) is a rare clinical condition in the emergency medicine practice and difficult to diagnose during primary physical examination. It mostly occurs at thoracal vertebra levels due trauma, use of anticoagulants, medical procedures such as acupuncture, arteriovenous malformations, hematological disorders or space-occupying lesions. Here, we discusse...

AIMS This article summarizes all available published data with respect to clinical success, complications, and outcomes of endovascular stent-graft placement among patients with descending aortic dissection (AD). METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a meta-analysis of all published series on retrograde endovascular stent-graft placement encompassing >or=3 patients with AD. Thirty-nine studies, in...

Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas are abnormal communications between higher-pressure arterial circulation and lower-pressure venous circulation. This abnormal communication can result in important and frequently misdiagnosed neurological abnormalities.A case of rapid onset paraplegia following cervical chiropractic manipulation is reviewed. The patient's generalized spinal cord edema, ...