The neutral theory of biodiversity (NTB) provides an individual-based modeling framework to study eco-evolutionary dynamics. Previous NTB models usually assumed the same per capita rate of speciation across lineages. However, population dynamics may induce macroevolutionary feedbacks that can result in variable per capita speciation rates across lineages. In this paper, with analytical and simu...

We replicate the findings of Emlinger and Guimbardr (ERAE, 2021) on heterogeneous effects per-unit tariffs trade patterns for developed developing countries. Analyzing import export data from 2001 to 2013, they confirm Alchian-Allen conjecture that costs induce higher unit values. However, are more pronounced country exporters. Understanding vis-a-vis ad valorem is important level playing field...

The twist-bend nematic (NTB ) phase is a recently discovered liquid-crystalline phase that exhibits macroscopic chirality even when formed from achiral materials, and as such presents a unique testbed for studies concerning the spontaneous breaking of mirror symmetry in soft matter. It is primarily exhibited by materials for which the molecular structure is composed of two rigid aromatic units ...

BACKGROUND Helminth infections are known to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses in active and latent tuberculosis (TB). However, the role of helminth infections in modulating responses associated with inflammation and immune activation (reflecting disease activity and/or severity) in TB is not known. METHODOLOGY We measured markers of inflammation and immune activation in active pul...

In contrast to many cancers, a high infiltration of macrophages in colorectal cancer (CRC) has been associated with improved prognosis for patients. Cytokines and other stimuli from the tumor microenvironment affect monocyte to macrophage maturation and subsequent phenotype and function. Heterogeneous myeloid populations were identified using a novel flow cytometry panel in both tumor and paire...

The HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu is emerging as a viral factor with a range of activities devoted to counteracting host innate immunity. Here, we review recent findings concerning the role of Vpu in hampering activation of cellular immune responses mediated by CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and natural killer (NK) cells. The two key findings are that Vpu interferes with ...

doctor shoja-ad-din sheikholeslamzadeh (also known as dr. sheikh) (1931-2014) was an outstanding orthopedic surgeon. he is credited for the establishment of the iranian association of rehabilitation, shafa yahyaian hospital as an orthopedic and rehabilitation center, the social welfare organization, iran’s emergency dispatch center (115) and many other major projects that led to the upgrading o...

this paper seeks to understand the politician economy implications of nicotine addiction in iran, focusing on the us office of foreign asset control’s (ofac) awarding of iran operations licenses to american tobacco companies. presuming that tobacco taxes, levied both as import duties and ad valorem, would financially benefit the iranian government, such the introduction of a highly desired us p...

The twist–bend nematic (NTB) phase is a liquid crystal (LC) with heliconical structure that typically forms below the temperature of conventional (N) phase. By contrast, direct transition between NTB and isotropic (Iso) phases without intermediation N rarely occurs. Herein, we demonstrate effects linkage type (i.e., methylene, ether, thioether) on typical Iso–N–NTB rare Iso–NTB phase-transition...

Alcaligenes denitrificans NTB-1, previously isolated on 4-chlorobenzoate, also utilized 4-bromo-, 4-iodo-, and 2,4-dichlorobenzoate but not 4-fluorobenzoate as a sole carbon and energy source. During growth, stoichiometric amounts of halide were released. Experiments with whole cells and cell extracts revealed that 4-bromo- and 4-iodobenzoate were metabolized like 4-chlorobenzoate, involving an...