In the early days, airplanes were put together with parts designed for other purposes (bicycles, farm equipment, textiles, automotive equipment, etc.). They were then flown by their brave designers to see if the design would work--often with disastrous results. Today, airplanes, helicopters, missiles, and rockets are designed in computers in a process that involves iterating through enormous nu...

The world’s largest aircraft manufacturers like Boeing and Airbus have traditionally been dominant in the commercial aerospace industry, but due to the rise of several smaller commercial aircraft companies and in spite of air travel increasing each year, it will be paramount for Boeing and Airbus to thoroughly understand past and current market conditions and be able to combine their understand...

Although originally discovered in the 18th century [1], the titanium industry did not experience any significant advancement until the middle of the 20th century through the development of the gas turbine engine [2]. Since then, the aerospace sector has dominated worldwide titanium use with applications in both engines and airframe structures [3]. The highly desirable combination of properties,...