Reasons for building an ecosystem model are discussed, stressing the importance of objectives. A model is required for any research programme aiming to take a firm grasp of forest responses. The Edinburgh Forest Model (EFM) is outlined. This is a standard model of the genre, taking account of pools and fluxes of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and water. It comprises tree, soil and water submodels. Th...

Sixteen stands were harvested by either clearcut, shelterwood, group selection, or singletree selection methods. Three of the stands had uneven-aged structure. The other 13 were typical, matrJre, even-aged stands. Hmest intensity @roportion of basal area removed) ranged from 0.27 to 1 .@I. Hanrestcd sites were similar in slope, average diameter at breast height (DBH), and pre-harvest diamcte.r ...

Single particle analysis of aerosols particles larger than 0.2μm diameter was performed on 24 samples collected over Surinam tropical rain forest and in the adjacent marine boundary layer (MBL) during the LBA-CLAIRE 98 campaign in March 1998. Elemental composition and morphology of 2308 particles was determined using SEM–EDX. The aerosol particles were divided into seven groups according to the...

To better understand the soil carbon dynamics and cycling in terrestrial ecosystems in response to environmental changes, we studied soil respiration, litter decomposition, and their relations to soil temperature and soil water content for 18-months (Aug. 2010-Jan. 2012) in three different-aged Pinus massoniana forests in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China. Across the experimental period, t...

Uneven-aged interior Douglas-fir stand structure and dynamics are complexas a result of irregular fire history, insect and disease outbreaks, and variousforms of partial harvesting and range use. Stocking, crown closure, canopylayering, size-age relationships, and spatial distribution are highly variablefrom one stand to another and within any one stand. Many different factors<l...

the zagros forests (west of iran) have been highly exploited in recent decades by human impacts. easy access, abundance and variety of valuable forest yields have led to population growth density, creation of new residential areas and deforestation activities. in order to determinate the distribution and rate of deforestation from 1995 to 2006 by using the satellite imagery (irs-1c and  landsat...

The present study investigated changes in autonomic nervous system activity and emotions after a short (2 h) forest bathing program in the Xitou Nature Education Area (XNEA), Taiwan. One hundred and twenty-eight (60.0 ± 7.44 years) middle-aged and elderly participants were recruited. Physiological responses, pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate variability (HRV), and ps...