The " primitive equations of motion " are adopted for this study. The nine levels of the model are distributed so as to resolve surface boundary layer fluxes as well as radiative transfer by ozone, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. The lower boundary is a kinematically uniform land surface without any heat capacity. The stabilizing effect of moist convection is implicitly incorporated into the m...

Randall et al. (1996) summarized a strategy for testing parameterizations in single-column models (SCMs). The SCM is driven with observations and the results produced by the SCM are compared with additional observations of the same meteorological events. When the SCM’s parameterizations are judged to have performed satisfactorily in tests against observations, they can be transplanted into a th...

Scientists have long been aware there is a need for a stochastic description of radiative transfer through media with statistically distributed parameters (Stephens 1984; Ramanathan et al. 1989; Stephens et al. 1991). This study used a shortwave stochastic band model to investigate radiative transfer through a broken cloud field for several days when low-lying fair-weather cumulus and cumulus f...

While considerable advances in the understanding of atmospheric processes and feedbacks in the climate system have led to a better representation of these mechanisms in general circulation models, the greatest uncertainty in predictability of future climate arises from clouds and their interactions with radiation. To explore this uncertainty, the cloud resolving model has evolved as one of the ...

abstract due to low spatial resolution or simplifying of some micrometeorological phenomena, atmospheric general circulation models are not able to give a good estimation for weather conditions over study area. so their outputs should downscale into weather stations scales. in this research data of hadcm3 downscaled by using lars-wg5 with three scenarios, confirmed by ipcc including a1b, a2 and...

introduction numerous studies have demonstrated the relationship between the amount of co2 in the atmosphere and climate change. in this respect, developed countries have an undeniable role and cause serious damage to earth environment throughout the world. ipcc’ forth evaluation report implies that adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere during recent decades prevents the heat rays to emit w...

The breeding method has been implemented in the NASA Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction Project (NSIPP) coupled general circulation model (CGCM) with the ultimate goal of improving operational seasonal to interannual climate predictions through ensemble forecasting and data assimilation. This is the first attempt to isolate the evolving ENSO instability and its corresponding global atmospheric ...

A benchmark calculation is designed to compare the climate and climate sensitivity of atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The experimental setup basically follows that of the aquaplanet experiment (APE) proposed by Neale and Hoskins, but a simple mixed layer ocean is embedded to enable air–sea coupling and the prediction of surface temperature. In calculations with several AGCMs, th...

The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) has a large uncertainty range among models participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) and has recently been presented as ‘‘inherently unpredictable.’’ One way to circumvent this problem is to consider the transient climate response (TCR). However, the TCR among AR4 models also differs by more tha...