There are some different viewpoints on the verse 41 in chapter Anfal of the Holy Quran that it is necessary to have one fifth of spoil to different incomes. The main reasons for these different viewpoints are the interest meaning of ‘spoil’. Not only referring to dictionaries, but also linguistic principles have not an effect on determine the meaning of ‘spoil’ in (8: 41...

This paper extends the revelation principle to environments in which the mechanism designer cannot fully commit to the outcome induced by the mechanism. We show that he may optimally use a direct mechanism under which truthful revelation is an optimal strategy for the agent. In contrast with the conventional revelation principle, however, the agent may not use this strategy with probability one...

the term divine favor in mullā ṣadrā’s transcendental philosophy means divine essential knowledge that is the origin of objective actualization of action and the best order. in addition, divine knowledge is also considered as common between the essential and actual attributes. therefore, divine knowledge can be analyzed in terms of essential (divine knowledge) and actual (the best order). the m...

When I was about twelve, yet another retelling of the Cinderella story released into theatres in a magic-free but nonetheless magical version called Ever After. One my favorite scenes this film involves prince pacing along riverbank, bemoaning challenge finding his true love to Leonardo da Vinci. He asks great Renaissance man, How can you be certain find [the right person]? And if them, are the...

This article explores the state of the art in theories of special divine action by means of a study of the Divine Action Project (DAP) co-sponsored by the Vatican Observatory and the Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences in Berkeley. The basic aim is to introduce the DAP and to summarize its results, especially as these were compiled in the final “capstone” meeting of the DAP, and drawin...

Qurrat al-ʿAyn is the name of enigmatic Maiden who appeared alongside Ibn ʿArabī when he was inspired to recite four verses that open The Interpreter Desires, as wandering around Kaʿba. In this article, through analysis passage in which she mentioned, identity explored from various perspectives typical author’s theo-anthropo-cosmovision, characterised by his concept theophany (tajallī) or divin...

Behavioral actions can attain their intended result either when all possible details and intervening factors are controlled in advance by the action plan, or when only the final outcome is taken into account while the rest is left for on-line correction. Both ways have numerous advantages and disadvantages. The former can be applied only in very simple instances and therefore, puts very strong ...