The expected cost of capital is a crucial component for most of the topics in corporate finance. Unfortunately in the presence of risky debt, it is systematically overestimated. This bias is increasing in leverage and the volatility of cash flows. We show the existence of the bias and assess its size. We finally propose a novel methodology to obtain a direct unbiased estimation of the expected ...

In Europe and worldwide several legislations are adopting comfort models that include the variability of occupants behaviour based on the external climate conditions. The latest adaptive comfort methods consider outdoor temperature not only as a steady variable but also as the representation of occupants past thermal history. The paper presented deals with a summer environmental monitoring carr...

We pursue the definition of a KZ-doctrine in terms of a fully faithful adjoint string Dd ⊣ m ⊣ dD. We give the definition in any Gray-category. The concept of algebra is given as an adjunction with invertible counit. We show that these doctrines are instances of more general pseudomonads. The algebras for a pseudomonad are defined in more familiar terms and shown to be the same as the ones defi...

       The spread of religious doubt amongst people, especially students and young people in recent years has become a major concern. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of religious doubt among students of Islamic Azad University and Yazd University. The present research is a cross-sectional survey. The population of Yazd University and Islamic Azad Yazd University students was ...

Jehovah's Witnesses' (JWs) refusal of blood transfusions has recently gained support in the medical community because of the growing popularity of "no-blood" treatment. Many physicians, particularly so-called "sympathetic doctors", are establishing a close relationship with this religious organization. On the other hand, it is little known that this blood doctrine is being strongly criticized b...

the Christian theology of religions. Introduction A remarkable revival of Trinitarian theology emerged in the twentieth century. Karl Rahner, on the Catholic side, and Karl Barth, on the Protestant side, played key roles in the “ecumenical rediscovery” of the Trinity. In addition to rethinking elements of this central doctrine (e.g., nature of divine personhood, Filioque, etc.), this resurgence...

plotinus' attempt to counter the aristotle critiques on plato's theory of ideas, leads to his theory of emanation, which is called double act doctrine. plotinus is influenced by aristotle, not only in raising the problem of emanation quality, but the language and terms (including reasonable matter, indefinite dyad and activity) that are used to describe his theory. also, the theory of...

The neuron doctrine, formulated in 1891, attacked in 1906 by Golgi and fiercely defended by Cajal, provided a powerful tool for analyzing the pathways of the brain. It has often been described as though it were merely the cell theory applied to nervous systems. In this essay I show that the neuron doctrine claims more than does the cell theory, and that in many instances, where it goes beyond t...