The impact on human and horse health of West Nile fever (WNF) recently and dramatically increased in Europe and neighboring countries. Involving several mosquito and wild bird species, WNF epidemiology is complex. Despite the implementation of surveillance systems in several countries of concern, and due to a lack of knowledge, outbreak occurrence remains unpredictable. Statistical models may h...

a new antagonistic discourse has been formed among intellectuals, in the intellectual history of the world.  some anti-british, and after september 1941 anti-american activities are evident among iranian intellectuals under the rule of pahlavi i. the westerns' anti-west beliefs disclose the unjust behavior of west in contrast to non-westerns, what chamskey introduces as one of intellectual...

Steven D. Brooks,* Evan DeVallance,* Alexandre C. d’Audiffret, Stephanie J. Frisbee, Lawrence E. Tabone, Carl D. Shrader, Jefferson C. Frisbee, and Paul D. Chantler Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia; Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia; Depa...

Despite a cold temperate climate and low human population density, the Northern Great Plains has become a persistent hot spot for human West Nile virus (WNV) disease in North America. Understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of WNV can provide insights into the epidemiological and ecological factors that influence disease emergence and persistence. We analyzed the 1,962 cases of human WN...

To ascertain the presence of West Nile virus (WNV), we sampled mosquitoes in 2006 in locations in southern Spain where humans had been infected. WNV genomic RNA was detected in 1 pool from unfed female Culex pipiens mosquitoes. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that this sequence cannot be assigned to previously described lineages of WNV.

INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of West Nile Virus infection in the southern provinces of Morocco. METHODOLOGY A total of 250 sera, collected during 2012 in the province of Dakhla, were analyzed by microneutralisation assay. RESULTS WNV-neutralizing antibodies were detected in 13 samples (5.2%). The participants with WNV-specific antibodies were sign...

About 125 130 million years ago South America began to separate from Africa and as the continents drifted apart, an extensive rift valley was formed, containing large lakes with abundant organic material that had washed off the adjacent highlands. In Angola, these sediments are known as the Bucomazi formation, an exceedingly rich oil and gas source rock. The rift valleys are similar to the pres...

BACKGROUND The incidence of West Nile virus (WNv) has remained high in the northern Great Plains compared to the rest of the United States. However, the reasons for the sustained high risk of WNv transmission in this region have not been determined. To assess the environmental drivers of WNv in the northern Great Plains, we analyzed the county-level spatial pattern of human cases during the 200...

Mosquitoes and birds were sampled for West Nile virus (WNV) in suburban Chicago, USA, in a "hot spot" of arboviral transmission. Viral genetic diversity within this area was similar to that within Illinois and the United States. Diversity was higher among viruses from mosquitoes than from birds, higher among viruses from birds in urban "green spaces" than from birds in residential areas, but lo...