A growing set of observational studies documenting putative cultural variations in wild animal populations has been complemented by experimental studies that can more rigorously distinguish between social and individual learning. However, these experiments typically examine only what one animal learns from another. Since the spread of culture is inherently a group-level phenomenon, greater vali...

Livestock are an integral part of the agriculture sector and encompass a great impact on the national economy. An eco-friendly alternative to enhance production, prevent and treat disease conditions of animal is a great challenge for animal nutritionists. Keeping farm animals healthy is necessary to obtain healthy animal products. The use of naturally occurring compounds like herbs, herbal prep...

Optimization of experiments, such as those used in drug discovery, can lead to useful savings of scientific resources. Factors such as sex, strain, and age of the animals and protocol-specific factors such as timing and methods of administering treatments can have an important influence on the response of animals to experimental treatments. Factorial experimental designs can be used to explore ...

The assumption that animal models are reasonably predictive of human outcomes provides the basis for their widespread use in toxicity testing, and in biomedical research aimed at developing cures for human diseases. To investigate the validity of this assumption, the comprehensive 'Scopus' biomedical bibliographic databases were searched for published systematic reviews of the human clinical or...

Many animals use the spectral distribution of light to guide behaviour, but whether they have colour vision has been debated for over a century. Our strong subjective experience of colour and the fact that human vision is the paradigm for colour science inevitably raises the question of how we compare with other species. This article outlines four grades of 'colour vision' that can be related t...

ƒ Guide authors as to the essential information to include in a manuscript, and not be absolutely prescriptive. ƒ Be flexible to accommodate reporting a wide range of research areas and experimental protocols. The guidelines are NOT intended to: ƒ Promote uniformity, stifle creativity, or encourage authors to adhere rigidly to all items in the checklist. Some of the items may not apply to all s...

Despite significant improvements in the prevention and management of atherosclerosis, its consequences still remain a major cause of disability and mortality. Better understanding of pathophysiological processes implicated in the initial stages of atherogenesis is critical for the discovery of effective approaches to prevent ischaemic stage of the disease and to reduce huge economic and social ...

the core ethical principle underpinning animal experimentation regulation and policy is that the likely benefits of such research must outweigh its expected costs. Although considerable financial and human collateral costs do exist, the main costs are borne by the animals subjected to such research. Although such research may be directed at yielding benefits for animal species or the environmen...