The translation of nutrients into increased body mass is achieved in different ways by different organs and organisms. The dimensions to which the bodies of vertebrates grow can be classified as determinate or indeterminate. Determinate types include higher vertebrates in which a species specific stature is attained more or less at the time of sexual maturity. Many of the lower vertebrates have...

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT In the early 1930s, it was reported that injections of crude pituitary extracts increased growth rates in growing animals and milk production in lactating animals. Subsequent studies led to purification from pituitary extracts of two peptide hormones—prolactin and “growth hormone” or somatotropin—which are important to growth and lactation. Prolactin has many functions ra...

There are strong scientific, ethical and legislative imperatives to replace animal experiments, rather than focusing efforts on improving them. Therefore, the Dr Hadwen Trust advocates that when systematic reviews identify weaknesses in animal experiments, the priority should be their replacement with more relevant non-animal methods. Individual researchers, universities, companies, funders and...

Diapause is a state of developmental arrest adopted in response to or anticipation environmental conditions that are unfavorable for growth. In many cases, diapause facultative, such animals may undergo either non-diapause trajectory, depending on cues. characterized by enhanced stress resistance, reduced metabolism, and increased longevity. The ability postpone reproduction until suitable foun...

Cyromazine and dicyclanil are both used as insect growth regulators. This paper describes an easy and innovative simultaneous extraction method for residues of cyromazine and dicyclanil in food of animal origin, and a confirmation procedure using UHPLC-MS/MS. The sample was extracted, deproteinised by 1% trichloracetic acid in water-acetonitrile, followed by selective defatting using hexane bas...

In search for selective anti-insect agents some monoand bis-isothiocyanates were prepared and tested on third instar larvae of Manduca sexta. The alkylene-bis-isothiocyanates 4, 5 and 6 had a novel effect preventing formation of the abdominal spiracles and of the hooks (crochets) at the following molt to the 4th instar. Some of these larvae died in the molt, while spiracles remained absent also...