Oxygen free radical burst is a prominent early event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Posttranslational modifications Tau protein, primarily hyper-phosphorylation and truncation, are indicated as critical mediators AD pathology. This finding confirmed by high levels oxidative stress markers increased susceptibility to oxygen radicals found cultured neurons brains from transgenic...

The clinical use of hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) is built on nearly 20 years of in vitro studies followed by preclinical animal studies. These laboratory and animal studies, undertaken before first use in humans, provided the basis for expectations of what the biologic effects in humans would be. Reflecting the available technologies, the initial animal studies primarily evaluated the in...

In standard accounts of the germ theory of disease the "Golden Age of Bacteriology" dawns in Germany in 1876, with Koch showing that a specific bacillus was the essential cause of anthrax.' Immunology, Jenner apart, is said to have begun three years later, in France, when Pasteur produced a protective vaccine by attenuating the bacillus of fowl-cholera.2 Modern microbiology began, therefore, wi...