Muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC, stage ≥T2) is generally associated with poor prognosis, constituting the second most common cause of death among genitourinary tumours. Due to high molecular heterogeneity significant variations in the natural history and disease outcome have been observed. This has also delayed the introduction of personalized therapeutics, making advanced stage bladder ca...

Not less than 20 — 25 years ago, D ick en s and W e il M a lh e r b e 1> 2 discovered that PL retard, whereas Choi promotes the formation of tumours induced by 3.4benzpyrene. For unexplainable reasons this remarkable finding of utmost importance was never commented in the literature (see, however, A ltm an 3 _6 ) . It should be emphasized that it concerns here with the fact that two very common...

The application of mathematical models in biology and medicine has a long history. From the sparse number of papers in the first half of the twentieth century with a few scientists working in the field it has become vast with thousands of active researchers. We give a brief, and far from definitive history, of how some parts of the field have developed and how the type of research has changed. ...

The comparative infrequency of malignant disease of the alimentary system in India is noteworthy. Even in a large city like Lahore, malignant disease of the stomach may be less than 0.1 per cent, of cancerous tumours. On a report from India, sent to the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, of 1,589 cases of carcinoma, less than 5 per cent, were of internal organs. The characteristic of the diet of In...

The study of animal retroviruses has yielded fundamental insight into molecular pathways of carcinogenesis, while human retroviruses predispose infected persons to develop malignant disease. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) causes adult Tcell leukaemia. Human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1, HIV-2) indirectly cause lymphoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma and cervical carcinoma by ...

Characterized by immunosuppression regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in maintaining immune tolerance. A growing number of tumours have been found with Tregs accumulating in microenvironment and patients with high density of Tregs in tumour stroma get a worse prognosis, which suggests that Tregs may inhibit anti-tumour immunity in stroma, resulting in a poor prognosis. In this paper, we...

BACKGROUND Sonography has become the imaging technique of choice for guiding intraoperative interventions in abdominal surgery. Due to artefacts from residual air content, however, videothoracoscopic and open intraoperative ultrasound-guided thermoablation of lung malignancies are impossible. Lung flooding is a new method that allows complete ultrasound imaging of lungs and their tumours. MET...

Sternalis muscle also called rectus sternalis, rectus thoracis, or episternalis is an anomalous muscle of the anterior chest wall with unknown anatomical function. It is regularly observed in lower animal but infrequently in humans. Presence of this muscle can create confusion with tumours of the anterior chest wall during routine mammography. Although less is known about its origin and innerva...

Background: High tumour interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) has been adversely linked to poor drug uptake in patients, and to treatment response following radiotherapy in cervix cancer patients. In this study we measuredcompared IFP values in an array of murine and xenograft models, spontaneously arising or transplanted either intramuscularly (i/m) or orthotopically and analysed their relationshi...

the presentation treatment and postoperative progress of two patients with pearly intraspinal eptdermcids is described. in one of the patients the tumour recurred after the first removal. necessitating a second operation. despite serious distur bances of gait both patients improved following surgery. the literature in respect of these tumours. is reviewed