Abstract The legal framework of the International Criminal Court does not contain any provision concerning animals. This stands in contrast with frequency which they appear both trial and reparations proceedings. silence is problematic insofar as ‘animal turn movement’, questions classical understanding treatment animals objects, has permeated into international domestic spheres. article wishes...

Pollutants matter because of their biologicaleffects, and the type and magnitude of these effects depend on the degreeof exposure that individualorganismsreceive. Terrestrial animals will be used to illustrate four related themes: the intake, distribution, and loss of pollutants by organisms;the causes of death; the effects of sublethal exposures; and the effects on populations. Most of the exa...

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a genetic marker is a gene or dna sequence with known localization on a chromosome. it can be de-scribed as a variation that can be measured or detected by a suitable method, and can be used subsequently to detect the presence of a specific genotype. such variations occurring at chromosomal or dna level can serve as genetic markers. the progress in development of molecular markers suggests thei...