The freeze-thaw (FT) erosion is a type of soil erosion like water erosion and wind erosion. Limited by many factors, the grading evaluation of soil FT erosion quantities is not well studied. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the evaluation indices of soil FT erosion, we for the first time utilized the sensitivity of microwave remote sensing technology to soil moisture for identification of...

An analysis of modern phytolith assemblages is presented. Phytolith assemblages were studied in modern surface soils and sediments of 28 sites from east Otago, New Zealand, within a range of vegetation types and microclimates. No simple distinction could be made between vegetation types on the basis of phytolith assemblage composition. A Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of the phytolith data...

Orbital precession changes the seasonal distribution of insolation at a given latitude but not the annual mean. Hence, the correlation of paleoclimate proxies of annual-mean precipitation with orbital precession implies a nonlinear rectification in the precipitation response to seasonal solar forcing. It has previously been suggested that the relevant nonlinearity is that of the Clausius–Clapey...

Effective mean annual precipitation is related to sediment yield from drainage basins throughout the climatic regions of the United States. Sediment yield is a maximum at about 10 to 14 inches of precipitation, decreasing sharply on both sides of this maximum in one case owing to a deficiency of runoff and in the other to increased density of vegetation. Data are presented illustrating the incr...

The ‘rain use efficiency’ (RUE) may be defined as the ratio of above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) to annual precipitation, and it is claimed to be a conservative property of the vegetation cover in drylands, if the vegetation cover is not subject to non-precipitation related land degradation. Consequently, RUE may be regarded as means of normalizing ANPP for the impact of annual preci...

Precipitation is very important to the formation of runoff, and studying of runoff variation and its response to precipitation has practical significance to sustainable utilization of water resources. The study used Mann-Kendall test, anomaly accumulation method, and precipitation elasticity of runoff method to analyze the changes in the relation of precipitation and runoff and the contribution...

[1] Annual cycle, one of the principle modes in the variability of the air-sea system, can be analyzed using tide analysis tools for extending the concept of oceanic tidal amphidromes to the atmosphere. In this paper, the annual phase-amplitude characteristics of two variables, sea-level pressure (SLP) and precipitation, were investigated to explore the annual atmospheric amphidromes on a globa...

Substantial evidence shows that the frequency of hydrological extremes has been changing and is likely to continue to change in the near future. Non-stationary models for flood frequency analyses are one method of accounting for these changes in estimating design values. The objective of the present study is to compare four models in terms of goodness of fit, their uncertainties, the parameter ...

The ‘rain use efficiency’ (RUE) may be defined as the ratio of above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) to annual precipitation, and it is claimed to be a conservative property of the vegetation cover in drylands, if the vegetation cover is not subject to non-precipitation related land degradation. Consequently, RUE may be regarded as means of normalizing ANPP for the impact of annual preci...

In this paper, a study of the statistical analysis of total ozone concentration as released by satellite EPTOMS was used to show that annual coefficient of relative variability (ACRV) of ozone in West Africa over a period of 48 months increased gradually from 3.5% at latitudinal zone 0-5N to 6.1% at zone 2025N. A strong positive correlation of 0.99 was observed between the ACRV of ozone and ave...