Objective: Valeriana (V) wallichii DC is found among the ground flora of Himalayan regions and used as herbal medicine for CNS disorders in Indian systems medicine. In study, aimed to investigation involvement neuro-chemical-systems V. induced antidepressant effects mice.
 Methods: The activity aqueous alcoholic extracts was measured by using Forced Swim Test Tail Suspension mice, whereas ...

Leeches exploring a new environment continuously meet each other and merge in temporary groups. After 2-3 h, leeches become attracted to each other eventually forming a large and stable group. When their number is reduced, leeches remain solitary, behaving independently. Group formation is facilitated by body injection of serotonin (5-HT) and the level of endogenous 5-HT is elevated in leeches ...

Hyponatraemia is common, affecting about one in five of all hospitalized patients. Minor degrees of chronic hyponatraemia cause cognitive and motor impairment, and severe hyponatraemia is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is a common cause of hyponatraemia and is often poorly understood and inappropriately treat...

debaryomyces hansenizopf isolated from the fructoplane of apples were found to be effective as biocontrol agent against rot of papaya caused by ulocladium. chartarum(pr.) simm. the ability of d. hansenii to prevent infection of u. chartarum was lost when the antagonist cells were killed by autoclaving. cell free culture filtrates of antagonist were unable to prevent disease incidence. efficacy ...

macrophages and t-lymphocytes are involved in immune response to mycobacterium tuberculosis. macrophage produces interleukin (il)-1 as an inflammatory mediator. il-1 receptor antagonist (il1-ra) is a natural antagonist of il-1 receptors. in this study we aimed to examine the possible association between the variable number of tandem repeats (vntr) of the il-1 receptor antagonist (il1rn) gene an...

introduction: we previously shown that microinjection of glutamate into the hdb of rat elicited cardiovascular depressive responses. microinjection of ap5 (an nmda receptor antagonist, 2.5 mm, 50 nl) and cnqx (an ampa receptor antagonist, 1 mm, 50 nl) caused no significant changes in the blood pressure and heart rate. microinjection of bicuculline (bmi: a gabaa receptor antagonist, 1 mm, 50 nl)...