Extensive antigenic diversity within the GII.4 genotype of human norovirus is a major driver of pandemic emergence and a significant obstacle to development of cross-protective immunity after natural infection and vaccination. However, human and mouse monoclonal antibody studies indicate that, although rare, antibodies to conserved GII.4 blockade epitopes are generated. The mechanisms by which ...

Antibody specificity and diversity are generated through the enzymatic splicing of genomic gene segments within each B cell. Antibodies are heterodimers of heavy- and light-chains encoded on separate loci. We studied the antibody repertoire from pooled, splenic tissue of unimmunized, adult female C57BL/6J mice, using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) without amplification of antibody transcripts...

The availability of stable human antibody reagents would be of considerable advantage for research, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. Unfortunately, antibody variable heavy and light domains (V(H) and V(L)) that mediate the interaction with antigen have the propensity to aggregate. Increasing their aggregation resistance in a general manner has proven to be a difficult and persistent pr...

Rapid identification of residues that influence antibody expression and thermostability is often needed to move promising therapeutics into the clinic. To establish a method that can assess small expression differences, we developed a Bacterial Antibody Display (BAD) system that overcomes previous limitations, enabling the use of full-length formats for antibody and antigen in a live cell setti...

A method is presented that uses combinatorial antibody libraries to endow cells with new binding energy landscapes for the purpose of regulating their phenotypes. Antibodies that are expressed in cells infected with a lentiviral combinatorial antibody library are selected directly for function rather than only for binding. The potential diversity space can be very large because more than one le...

Subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV-J), a typical retrovirus, is characterized of existence of a cloud of diverse variants and considerable genetic diversity. Previous studies describing the evolutionary dynamics of ALV-J genetic variants mainly focused on the early infection period or few randomly selected clones. Here, we inoculated 30 specific-pathogen-free chickens with the same founder AL...