Three hormones, thyroxine (3,5,3 ,5 -tetraiodothyronine, or T4), triiodothyronine (3,5,3 -triiodothyronine, or T3), and calcitonin (see Chapter 66) are secreted by the thyroid gland. The hormones T4 and T3 are iodinecontaining amino acid derivatives and are unique in that they have no discrete target tissue. Every tissue in the body is affected in some way by thyroid hormones, and almost all ce...

Of 240 pesticides screened for carcinogenicity by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs, at least 24 (10%) produce thyroid follicular cell tumors in rodents. Thirteen of the thyroid carcinogens also induce liver tumors, mainly in mice, and 9 chemicals produce tumors at other sites. Some mutagenic data are available on all 24 pesticides producing thyroid tumors. M...

Myasthenia gravis and Graves' disease are two autoimmune diseases with a similar mechanism, both having circulating organ autoantibodies and cell specific autoantibodies. It is not unusual for these diseases to occur together. There is a large body of data proving that antithyroid drugs such as methimazole and propylthiouracil have an immunomodulatory effect in addition to their thyrosuppressan...

Women submitted to ART treatments represent a select subgroup of individuals. Several studies have described the relationship between TAI and pregnancy outcomes as a result of ART, with contradictory results. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the association between TAI and the risk of miscarriage in pregnancies resulting from ART. MEDLINE via PubMed, LILACS and Embase were...

Persistent cardiovascular pathology has been described in hyperthyroid patients even with effective antithyroid treatment. Here, we studied the effect of a well-known antithyroid drug, propylthiouracil (PTU; 20 mg/kg/day), on thyroxine (T4; 500 µg/kg/day)-induced increase in blood pressure (BP), cardiac hypertrophy, and altered responses of the contractile myocardium both in vivo and ex vivo af...