Among the various coats involved in vesicular transport, the clathrin associated coats that contain the adaptor complexes AP-1 and AP-2 are the most extensively characterized. The function of the recently described adaptor complex AP-3, which is similar to AP-1 and AP-2 in protein composition but does not associate with clathrin, is not known. By monitoring surface plasmon resonance we observed...

BACKGROUND Transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1) is activated and upregulated in injured arterial smooth muscle cells in vivo, yet the exact role of the AP-1--related pathway in vascular disease in vivo has remained unclear. We examined the role of the transfer of synthetic double-stranded cis-element decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) in balloon-injured rabbit carotid arteries and th...

BACKGROUND: Phosphorous is one of the expensive nutrients in poultry feed. Therefore, improving the bioavailability of this nutrient in feed ingredients could be effective for lowering the cost of feed. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the effect of pre-treatment of feed ingredients by commercial enzymes and different levels of pH on releasing of phosphorus from phytate under in ...

We reported previously that freshly fractured silica (FFSi) induces activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation through extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs) and p38 kinase pathways. In the present study, the biologic activities of FFSi and aged silica (ASi) were compared by measuring their effects on the AP-1 activation and phosphorylation of ERKs and p38 kinase. The roles of reactiv...

The γ/σ1 and α/σ2 hemicomplexes of clathrin adaptors AP-1 and AP-2 harbor the dileucine recognition site. The clathrin adaptors AP-1 and AP-2 bind cargo proteins via two types of motifs: tyrosine-based Yxx␾ and dileucine-based [DE]XXXL[LI]. Although it is well established that Yxx␾ motifs bind to the ␮ subunits of AP-1 or AP-2, dileucine motifs have been reported to bind to either the ␮ or ␤ su...