fork in the road clauses and waiver clauses in investment treaties are supposed to minimize the number of parallel proceedings in foreign investment disputes. while, fork in the road clauses preclude investors from further litigation or arbitration once the first dispute settlement mechanism is triggered, in waiver clauses, domestic litigation can be followed by treaty arbitration regarding the...

This paper suggests that the institutional basis necessary to support efficient intemational trade is provided not only by treaties among national governments but also by international coalitions of private agents. International commercial arbitration is an important example of these private coalitions. The paper reviews the provisions and the practice of international arbitration, and presents...

the protection of fundamental human rights at the time of war or peace is an obligation that should be observed at anytime by the states and international organizations. after the second world war, the non-peaceful situations such as occupation and economic sanctions have occurred numerously, which in some cases lasted for more than a decade. unfortunately, the laws governing these situations a...

the international criminal court , which is part of the fourth generation of the criminal courts, plays a prominent role in the institutionalization of international humanitarian law (ihl). hence, it was expected that negotiators utilized from previous criminal tribunals experiences and they terminated in the distinctions between gross breaches of international humanitarian law. it was expected...

This study provides theoretical and practical viewpoints regarding the law required to be applied proceedings in field of international commercial arbitration. The Emirati arbitration has been compared under UAE, French, English laws. regulations, rules procedures bodies, institutions chambers have also undertaken this study. presents subject that was not covered from viewpoint. By discussing e...

in the system of international law, individuals enjoy some rights and states are initially obliged to grant of these rights, especially in the field of human rights and humanitarian law. if this obligation is not fulfilled, the responsible state has to compensate the injured individuals based on special rules of treaty laws and general rules of international responsibility, including customary ...

the school environment is an environment wherein a student spends one third of his life with teachers and other students. in the present study, the safety levels of governmental and non-governmental schools were studied and compared. in a descriptive cross-sectional study we assessed schools safety using fire and life safety inspection checklist presented by the national fire prevention agency ...