In 1872 Ludwig Boltzmann, a founder of modern thermodynamics, gave a lecture in which he said that the entropy, or disorder, of isolated systems increases irreversibly as time passes. On hearing this the physicist Joseph Loschmidt rose in protest. He argued that the laws governing the motions of all particles are symmetric with respect to time. Thus any system that had decayed from order to cha...

Collective excitations in the two-particle nucleus 14SGd up to 2.9 MeV have been investigated by the pp'-reaction at 25 MeV beam energy, and angular distributions have been analyzed with standard DWBA calculations. It is found that ~48Gd has larger octupolethan quadrupole collectivity in the energy range investigated. The 3 strength distribution is in quantitative agreement with predicted resul...

This article introduces Atomic Hypermedia which, unlike traditional hypermedia approaches, does not use the concept of a node. Instead, all content is represented as single character ‘atoms’ which are placed along an arbitrary number of dimensions. This approach addresses some of the issues with node-based hypermedia. The article describes the basic mechanics of Atomic Data Structure, and how h...

2 Radiation and Atoms 1 2.1 Width and Shape of Spectral Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2.1.1 Lifetime Broadening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2.1.2 Collision or Pressure Broadening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1.3 Doppler Broadening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

General energy approaches have been applied to study the single-domain polarization reversal induced by the voltage-modulated Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in ferroelectric single crystals and thin films. Topographic analysis of energy surfaces in the subspace of domain dimensions is performed, and energy evolutions under an external bias are elucidated. This has let to successfully describe al...

Atomic Physics Atomic & Optical Physics AFM Atomic Force Microscope [1] ATM Atomic Physics [2] CO2 CO2 Laser [3] MNO Nonlinear Spectroscopy & Magneto-Optics [4] MOT Atom Trapping [5] NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance [6] OPT Optical Pumping [7] QIE Quantum Interference & Entanglement [8] Powered by Drupal Source URL: http://experimentationlab.berkeley.edu/node/75 Links [1] http://dev-physicsadv.pa...

Atomic Physics Atomic & Optical Physics AFM Atomic Force Microscope [1] ATM Atomic Physics [2] CO2 CO2 Laser [3] MNO Nonlinear Spectroscopy & Magneto-Optics [4] MOT Atom Trapping [5] NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance [6] OPT Optical Pumping [7] QIE Quantum Interference & Entanglement [8] Powered by Drupal Source URL: http://experimentationlab.berkeley.edu/node/75 Links [1] http://dev-physicsadv.pa...