Data from storms suggest that the critical wind speed at which trees break is constant (≃42m/s), regardless of tree characteristics. We question the physical origin of this observation both experimentally and theoretically. By combining Hooke's law, Griffith's criterion, and tree allometry, we show that the critical wind speed indeed hardly depends on the height, diameter, and elastic propertie...

A simple coupled flux and sea state model is developed. It is applicable to low, moderate, and high wind speeds, with a nonarbitrary wave age. It is fully consistent with an atmospheric flux parameterization. The flux model includes the influence of capillary waves on surface stress, which dominate surface stress on a waveperturbed surface for U10 , 7 m s21. The coupled model is verified for co...

In this paper, the normal and extreme wind conditions for power at 12 coastal locations along China's coastline were investigated. For this purpose, the daily meteorological data measured at the standard 10-m height above ground for periods of 40-62 years are statistically analyzed. The East Asian Monsoon that affects almost China's entire coastal region is considered as the leading factor dete...

Global satellite observations of lidar backscatter measurements acquired by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) mission and collocated sea surface wind speed data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E), are used to investigate the relation between wind driven wave slope variance and sea surface wind spe...

Modeling of wind speed variation is an essential requirement in the estimation of the wind energy potential for a typical site. In this paper, the wind energy potential in Ibadan (Lat. 7.43N; Long. 3.9E; Alt. 227.2m) is statistically analyzed using daily wind speed data for 10 years (1995-2004) obtained from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria. The daily,...

The vegetation and microclimate of a stunted ridge-top cloudforest on Mt. Koroturanga (l210m), Taveuni, Fiji (Lat. l7 °S, Long. 180°) is described. Canopy heights decreased from about 30 m at sea level to 10m at 1140m altitude and to 3-7m on the ridge and upper windward slopes . The stunted trees were of low height for their stem diameter, and had abundant epiphytic bryophytes. The upper windwa...

Offshore wind farm wakes were observed and photographed in foggy conditions at Horns Rev 2 on 25 January 2016 at 12:45 UTC. These new images show highly contrasting conditions regarding the wind speed, turbulence intensity, atmospheric stability, weather conditions and wind farm wake development as compared to the Horns Rev 1 photographs from 12 February 2008. The paper examines the atmospheric...

Atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) derived with high resolution satellite data are useful for analyzing mesoscale motion such as convective clouds and ageostrophic flow. National Institute of Meteorological Research at Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA/NIMR) has developed a mesoscale AMV algorithm. In the mesoscale AMV algorithm, visible channel data with 1 km resolution from the geostati...

A comprehensive model evaluation has been conducted for MM5-CMAQ for the period of 1–10 July 1999 of the Southern Oxidants Study episode with a coarse-grid horizontal spacing of 32-km and a nested fine-grid spacing of 8-km. Meteorological and chemical predictions from simulations with both grids are compared with observations from both routine monitoring networks (e.g., CASTNet, IMPROVE, and AI...