One of the goals of chemical ecology is to assess costs of plant defenses. Intraspecific trade-offs between growth and defense are traditionally viewed in the context of the carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis (CNBH) and the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis (GDBH). Broadly, these hypotheses suggest that growth is limited by deficiencies in carbon or nitrogen while rates of photosynthesi...

this paper analyzes the effects ofexchange policies on iran,s foreign trade, by applying new econometric techniques. in assessing the impacts of depreciation of the national currency on macroeconomic variable, the real rather than nominal exchange rate has been determined to be more appropriate criterion to demonstrate the success or failure ofthe adopted policies. during the period under the s...

introduction: equitable access to a basic set of health services at minimum quality and   affordable price is the right of every citizen and in all countries the governments have the duty to deliver these services to the population. international trade in health services influences the balance between equitable distribution of these services, creating incentives to improve the efficiency of hea...

Using fixed effects panel data approach, this paper empirically examines the effects of trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) on growth in 13 transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe, and the Baltic region (CEEB). Our analysis suggests that significant positive effect of trade on growth is a robust result for transition economies of this region. In addition, domestic investment ap...

Trade is the lifeblood of all commerce. The exchange of goods and services has played a defi ning role in human history, creating vast empires, encouraging mass migration, and sometimes tipping the balance between peace and confl ict. It is thus unsurprising that protecting and encouraging international trade has remained a top priority for governments, businesses and international organisation...

The paper reviews the evidence of the impact of trade liberalisation on the economic performance of poor developing countries with respect to trade and the balance of payments, economic growth, poverty reduction, the distribution of income within countries, and the distribution of income between countries, and finds that trade liberalisation has not delivered the benefits expected. Economic the...

using the optimum control procedure, the present paper is concerned with the effects of trade liberalization on both government and private expenditures in iran. an appropriate analytical consisting of ten equations is specified throgh which significant estimation results are obtained, using econometric method over the 1959-86 period. the model is utilized to explore how any change in control v...

This paper investigates the effects of fiscal policy on the trade balance using a structural factor model. A fiscal policy shock worsens the trade balance and produces an appreciation of the domestic currency but the effects are quantitatively small. The findings match the theoretical predictions of the standard Mundell-Fleming model, although fiscal policy should not be considered one of the m...

Using panel structural VAR analysis and quarterly data from four industrialized countries, we document that an increase in government purchases raises output and private consumption, deteriorates the trade balance, and depreciates the real exchange rate. This pattern of comovement poses a puzzle for both neoclassical and Keynesian models. An explanation based on the deep-habit mechanism is prop...

for about a decade the virtual water trade has been highlighted as a means of promoting water efficiency and helping to solve regional restrictions of water resources in order to provide water and food security. although these tools are not just for certain areas of the world with a specific climate, they are more important for countries which are faced with water resources restriction and cris...