The energy efficiency, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and carbon efficiency of paddy rice production were analysed in Sari in the Mazandaran province of Iran during 2011–2012. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews with paddy producers. The results showed that the net energy gain was 27,932 MJ ha-1 and energy efficiency was 1.83 during production. The results o...

Isothiazolinone (IT) biocides are potent antibacterial substances commonly used as preservatives or disinfectants, and 2-n-Octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT; octhilinone) is a common IT biocide that present in leather products, glue, paints, cleaning products. Although humans exposed to OIT through personal industrial use, the potentially deleterious effects of on human health still unknown. To i...

P-glycoprotein (P-gp), as an ATP-binding cassette transporter, transports a wide variety of substrates varying from small molecules like steroids to large polypeptides across the cell membrane in human and animals, even in aquatic animals. Although P-gp protein has attracted much attention of research, its effect on the toxicity of environmental toxicants such as antifouling biocides is still p...

The spread of veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) and biocides via manure onto agriculturally used areas represents a very important emission into the environment for these product groups. Within this literature study, publicly available transformation studies with liquid manure are summarized. Transformation studies were evaluated regarding the transformation fate of tested substances, the or...

Abstract Many corrosion problems are caused by the presence of microorganisms, so-called microbiologically influenced (MIC). A major representative MIC-causing bacteria includes group sulfate-reducing (SRB), which accumulate in biofilms on surface. Removal biofilm inhabiting is much more complex compared to planktonic cell removal, particular, based formation an extracellular polymeric substanc...

Introduction: Biocides are commonly used for disinfection in a variety of contexts. They generally to avoid infection by controlling biofilm on medical equipment. However, the literature lacks information effect biocide efflux pump gene expression. Objective: To determine influence development and acrA ramA Methodology: The microtiter plate method was identify 80 isolates K. pneumoniae. minimal...

The quality control of the agrochemicals and biocidal products in market requires valid determination methods for active ingredient content is utmost interest to ensure environmental protection, human health, successful pest control. Copper has been used as fungicide centuries, today still hundreds various uses applied very high application rates, both pesticides biocides. aim present study was...

When applied within a low-strength electric field (+/- 12 V/cm) with a low current density (+/- 2.1 mA/cm2), several industrial biocides exhibited enhanced killing action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms grown on stainless steel studs. Biocide concentrations lower than those necessary to kill planktonic cells of P. aeruginosa (1, 5, and 10 ppm of the active ingredients of kathon, glutara...