There is a long history of absorbed dose calculations being performed to evaluate the risks involved in the application of radiopharmaceuticals to medical studies. In the 1940s, Marinelli, Quimby, and Hine (1–3) published a set of articles that presented a summary and approach to radionuclide dosimetry. In 1956 Loevinger et al. (4) summarized the field at that point, and then in 1968 the newly ...

background: high-energy linear accelerator (linac) is a valuable tool and the most commonly device for external beam radiation treatments in cancer patients. in the linac head, high-energy photons with energies above the threshold of interaction produce photoneutrons. these photoneutrons deliver the extra dose to the patients in the planning treatment and increase the risk of secondary cancer. ...

Quantification of the biologically relevant dose is required to establish cause and effect between radiation detriment or burden and important biological outcomes. Most epidemiologic studies of unanticipated radiation exposure fail to establish cause and effect because researchers have not been able to construct a valid quantification of dose for the exposed population. However, no one biodosim...

Radiobiological researches with heavy ions have been started at ITEP in 2006 on unique heavy ion accelerating facility ITEP-TWAC. The main purpose of these researches is study of the biological efficiency of carbon ions for different types of biological objects, such as tumor and normal cells, in the framework of the development of heavy ion therapy for cancer treatment in Russia. Another possi...

In vitro studies to investigate biological effect of electromagnetic field are performed for microwave to millimeter-wave frequency band. A reliable measurement method of complex permittivity for biological cells is required for the dosimetry. The feasibility of applying the waveguide penetration (WP) method to measure complex permittivity for cells in the frequency range from microwave to mill...

Three-dimensional (3D) gel dosimetry has a unique role to play in safeguarding conformal radiotherapy treatments as the technique can cover the full treatment chain and provides the radiation oncologist with the integrated dose distribution in 3D. It can also be applied to benchmark new treatment strategies such as image guided and tracking radiotherapy techniques. A major obstacle that has hin...

Since the introduction of volumetric chemical dosimetry with Fricke gel dosimeters in the 1980s, three-dimensional (3D) dosimetry has been a promising technique for the clinic, since it provides a unique methodology for 3D dose measurement of the complex conformal dose distributions achieved by modern techniques such as Intensity Modulated and Volumetric Arc Radiation Therapy. In the last decad...

High dose rate brachytherapy (HDR) using 192Ir sources is well accepted as an important treatment option and thus requires an accurate dosimetry standard. However, a dosimetry standard for the direct measurement of the absolute dose to water for this particular source type is currently not available. An improved standard for the absorbed dose to water based on Fricke dosimetry of HDR 192Ir brac...