In whole genome microarray studies major gene expression changes are easily identified, but it is a challenge to capture small, but biologically important, changes. Pathway-based programs can capture small effects but may have the disadvantage of being restricted to functionally annotated genes. A structured approach toward the identification of major and small changes for interpretation of bio...

A mathematical model is presented that describes the effects of hormone concentration on receptor saturation and biological response in systems dependent upon the generation of a secondary mediator such as cyclic AMP. The analysis makes the following assumptions: (i) the binding of hormone to its receptor is a reversible, second-order reaction; (ii) the concentration of mediator that is generat...

oxidative stress has been identified as a crucial factor leading to male infertility largely due to peroxidativedamage to the sperm cell membrane. cadmium (cd) is a widespread environmental pollutant and oneof the well-known reproductive toxicants. because of its long biological half-life (10–30 years), cdaccumulates in the biological systems. the present study was designed to assess the concen...

this study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic and bio-fertilizers on trifluralin durability.herbicide persistence is an important consideration in crop production since residue levels of trifluralin herbicides can persist to the next growing season and may injure sensitive crops in the rotation. residues of trifluralin persist in the soil for long periods. extremely small amount...

The complete genome sequence has been reported for 24 microbial organisms. The genome organization and gene content of these organisms has revealed an incredible diversity. Nearly half of the open reading frames identified by these sequencing projects are for potential genes with no known biological function. Efforts to make evolutionary sense and biological sense of the gene content of these o...