GUI testing is a form of system testing where test cases are based on user interactions. A user interaction may be encoded by a sequence of events (e.g., mouse clicks) together with input data (e.g., string values for text boxes). For selecting event sequences, one can use the black-box approach based on Event Flow Graphs. For selecting input data, one can use the white-box approach based on pa...

Automated software test generation has been applied across the spectrum of test case design methods; this includes white-box (structural), black-box (functional), greybox (combination of structural and functional) and nonfunctional testing. In this paper, we undertake a systematic mapping study to present a broad review of primary studies on the application of search-based optimization techniqu...

The goal of this paper is to describe how to apply a rigorous framework for modular speciication and validation to a real-time critical system. We are especially interested in generation of functional test sets from a structured speciication of the system. We adopt a theoretical framework for black-box testing from formal spec-iications. Thanks to our modular speciication framework, we can take...

We consider an approach to testing that combines white-box and black-box techniques. Black-box testing is used for testing a program's e ects against its speci cation. White-box testing is essential if subtle implementation errors are to be identi ed, e.g., errors due to race conditions. Full white-box testing is a large task. However, for many properties, only a small portion of the program is...

Thermal comfort is a very vague and a very individual term, which depends on physiological and psychological variables. Thermal comfort in transient environments, like an automotive cabin, is far from understood and general accepted theories do not yet exist. This paper investigates the concept of using a black-box approach for directly associating thermal comfort to field measurements. Artific...

In this paper we review the technique of hierarchical matrices and put it into the context of black-box solvers for large linear systems. Numerical examples for several classes of problems from medium to large scale illustrate the applicability and efficiency of this technique. We compare the results with those of several direct solvers (which typically scale quadratically in the matrix size) a...

We propose Black Box Explanations through Transparent Approximations (BETA), a novel model agnostic framework for explaining the behavior of any black-box classi€er by simultaneously optimizing for €delity to the original model and interpretability of the explanation. To this end, we develop a novel objective function which allows us to learn (with optimality guarantees), a small number of comp...

Reductions are the common technique to prove security of cryptographic constructions based on a primitive. They take an allegedly successful adversary against the construction and turn it into a successful adversary against the underlying primitive. To a large extent, these reductions are black-box in the sense that they consider the primitive and/or the adversary against the construction only ...

In most engineering problems, experiments for evaluating the performance of different setups are time consuming, expensive, or even both. Therefore, sequential experimental designs have become an indispensable technique for optimizing the objective functions of these problems. In this context, most of the problems can be considered as a black-box. Specifically, no function properties are known ...

The heterogeneity of products in grocery stores leads to consumer confusion. Stores should support their consumers during shopping, but today the only connection between consumer and retailer is at the check-out. The black-box “sales floor” can be disclosed by using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) on product level. To derive possible applications this paper first compares the architecture...