Background and Aims: Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious disease in poultry with economic losses in the world. Vaccination is one of the most important ways for prevention and control of NDV, but there are reports of ND outbreaks in vaccinated chickens. Poor quality of the vaccines is one of the reasons of vaccine failure. In this study the quality of two commercial oil-emulsion Newca...

The use of liposome as an adjuvant and a vaccine carrier has been cited previously in the literature. It has also been shown to be effective in enhancing the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. BALB/c mice immunized subcutaneously with outer membrane protein (OMP) of Brucella abortus S19 vaccine strain entrapped in a commercial cationic liposome (S19-OMP-liposome) for vaccine delivery, showed...

background: antibody production in patients with end-stage kidney disease impairs due to several mechanisms. there are different ways to improve response rate to hepatitis b (hb) vaccine. in this study we evaluated the effect of tetanus-diphtheria toxoid (td) vaccine on hbs antibody (ab) level while being given simultaneously with hb vaccine.  methods: we recruited 43 hemodialysis and 20 perito...