Background: Urinary stones are now a worldwide problem due to rise in occurrence over the past few decades. All racial and cultural groups have experienced this. Complex metabolic environmental risk factors both involved pathogenetic pathways of stone production. This disease affects roughly 12% world's population. Its recurrence rate is about 70% men 47% women. significantly increased prevalen...

The effects of β-blockers on arterial properties are not well investigated. In our recent study, we compared the effects of the two β-blockers celiprolol and bisoprolol on blood pressure, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), flow-mediated vasodilatation, and vascular stiffness. We found that bisoprolol achieved a greater reduction in the pulse rate and improved BRS and vascular stiffness, whereas celi...

Beta-blockers have long being used as first-line therapy for hypertension as their use had resulted in a reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in controlled clinical trials. A recent meta-analysis comparing beta-blockers to all other anti-hypertensive drugs taken together has found that stroke reduction was sub-optimal. Specifically, atenolol was associated with a 26% higher risk ...

Stratification by age Current NICE recommendations represent an evolution of the view that blood pressure is best lowered with β blockers or ACE inhibitors in patients under 55 years (in whom an activated H igh blood pressure is the most common modifiable cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide, and blood pressure lowering drugs from four major classes (angiotensin converting ...

b1-receptors are much more prevalent in the heart, while b2receptors are prevalent in bronchial smooth muscle [3]. The original evidence of adverse effects of b-blockers on airways was based on early case reports of acute bronchospasm associated with high doses of nonselective b-blockers [1]. Since then, cardioselective b-blockers have been developed that have .20 times the affinity for b1than ...

Beta-blockers are underutilised in heart failure because clinicians may be unsure whether all beta-blockers are useful, how therapy should be initiated and whether beta-blockers are contraindicated in some patients. Bisoprolol, carvedilol and metoprolol succinate have been clearly proven to reduce mortality and hospitalisation in patients with Class II to IV heart failure; limited evidence also...

With numerous safe and effective antihypertensive drugs now available, the clinician should no longer choose only diuretic agents or /3-adrenergic receptor blockers (/3-blockers) as initial therapy. Five classes of agents, including angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, /3-blockers, calcium entry blockers, peripheral a,-adrenergic receptor blockers, and thiazide diuretic agents, are all app...

BACKGROUND Different antihypertensive drug classes may alter risk for atrial fibrillation. Some studies suggest that drugs that interfere with the renin-angiotensin system may be favorable because of their effect on atrial remodeling. OBJECTIVE To assess and compare the relative risk for incident atrial fibrillation among hypertensive patients who receive antihypertensive drugs from different...