The size of the readily releasable pool (RRP) of vesicles is critically important for determining the size of postsynaptic currents generated in response to action potentials. However, discrepancies in RRP estimates exist among methods designed to measure RRP size. In glutamatergic hippocampal neurons, we found that hypertonic sucrose application yielded RRP size estimates approximately fivefol...

The concept of a readily releasable pool (RRP) of synaptic vesicles has been used extensively for the analysis of neurotransmitter release. Traditionally the properties of vesicles in such a pool have been assumed to be homogeneous, and techniques have been developed to determine pool parameters, such as the size of the pool and the probability with which a vesicle is released during an action ...

Water resources play a vital role in human life and agriculture irrigation, especially for agriculture-dominant developing countries and regions. Improving agricultural water use efficiency has consequently become a key strategic choice. This study, based on Zhangye City’s economic characteristics and data, applies a static Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model with a constant elasticity o...

Q0: (Do Not Hand This In) Consider a (simultaneous-move) two-person game described by two m × n matrices R and C that specify respectively, the payoffs to the row player and the column player. That is, (R,C) describes a two-person game where the row and column players have m and n strategies respectively, and Rij and Cij are the payoffs to the row and column players respectively when the row pl...

Olfactory cilia contain the known components of olfactory signal transduction, including a high density of cyclic-nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels. CNG channels play an important role in mediating odor detection. The channels are activated by cAMP, which is formed by a G-protein-coupled transduction cascade. Frog olfactory cilia are 25-200 microm in length, so the spatial distribution of CNG cha...

Early and late antisera to 2, 4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) and to menadione (K3)4 were compared for reactivity with diverse DNP and K3 ligands. Late antisera were generally more reactive (higher affinity) than early antibodies. Nevertheless, the early antibodies had higher affinity for homologous ligands than late antibodies had for heterologous ligands; the exception, a small (ca. 5%) and possibly he...

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a protein composed of two identical chains of mass 13,259. An analysis of the sedimentation equilibrium, sedimentation velocity, and gel filtration behavior of dilute solutions of NGF indicates the existence of a rapidly reversible monomer in equilibrium dimer equilibrium and that the association constant K for the reaction at neutral pH is 9.4 X 10(6)M-1. Reaction ...

Early detection of the beginning stage of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an approach to prevention because the process is reversible at this stage. Consequently, several methods for screening for CVD have been introduced in recent years incorporating different analytical methods for characterizing the population of blood-borne lipoprotein subclasses. The gold standard method for lipoprotein su...

BACKGROUND β-Crystallins are structural proteins maintaining eye lens transparency and opacification. Previous work demonstrated that dimerization of both βA3 and βB2 crystallins (βA3 and βB2) involves endothermic enthalpy of association (∼8 kcal/mol) mediated by hydrophobic interactions. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Thermodynamic profiles of the associations of dimeric βA3 and βB1 and tetr...

We add inside and outside money to the standard GEI model. If there enough gains to trade via money, then monetary equilibrium (ME) exists and money has positive value, even when GEI fails to exist. The nonexistence of GEI shows up as a liquidity trap in terms of the ME. In sharp contrast to GEI, the ME are generically determinate not only in terms of real, but also financial, variables. © 2003...