Bird depredation of agricultural crops is a worldwide problem. New strategies to include chemical repellents are needed to mitigate crop losses. We evaluated 3 preplant seed treatments (Apron XLt LS [Syngenta Crop Protection, Greensboro, NC], Dividend Extremet [Syngenta], and Maximt 4 FS [Syngenta]), one foliar insecticide (Karatet with Zeon Technologye [Syngenta]), and one foliar fungicide (Ti...

The chemical senses (olfaction, gustation, and chemical irritation or pain) were likely the first to evolve. Their functions are among the most basic-to attract and to repel. Attracting compounds often signal food or sex; repelling compounds presumably signal danger. Among the chemical senses, only olfaction appears to have several functional roles, two of which are modulation of social behavio...

This paper outlines the primary factors that affect the neural mediation of behavioral responses to chemical irritants. First, effective irritants must permeate the cornified epithelium or penetrate the mucosa to gain access to nociceptive nerve endings that are present in the skin or mucosa. Physicochemical properties of the irritantlrepellent will determine the degree to which an effective co...

The insect repellent N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), is a multimodal compound that acts as a spatial repellent as well as an irritant (contact repellent), thus being perceived by the insect's olfactory and gustatory systems as an odorant and a tastant, respectively. Soon after DEET was developed, almost 6 decades ago, it was reported that it reduced mosquito feeding on blood mixed with th...

Arthropod-borne infectious diseases cause many deaths and a major economic burden worldwide. Repellents play an important role in protecting people from biting arthropods. The repellency of veratraldehyde, known food additive, the WJ-1041 formulation containing 10% veratraldehyde was tested against Aedes albopictus Culex pipiens pallens females Haemaphysalis longicornis nymphs using arm-in-cage...

The phenomenon of icing on the surface fuselage while aircraft pass through clouds has an impact flight safety. This may adversely affect metrological conditions and cause aerodynamic mechanical effects, resulting in a threat to research aims fabricate anti-icing 2524 aluminum alloy material by combining laser machining wet etching. microstructure surfaces were obtained laser, nanostructured et...

Soil water repellency can substantially alter hydrologic processes, particularly the ability of soils to infiltrate water. Water often changes through time, making it difficult simulate infiltration behaviors water-repellent using standard models. Here, we propose a simple rate-based correction term that starts with value zero at beginning process (t = 0) and asymptotically approaches 1 as time...

Eight plant essential oils were extracted and tested for their efficiency as natural insecticides against the cotton mealybug, P. solenopsis (Tinsley). In-vitro bioassay, contact toxicity of to adult females 2nd instar nymphs was determined. Also, repellence activity tested. The most effective oil female’s after 72 hrs application L. nobilis followed by Apium graveolens, M. longifolia, C. artic...