According to the definition of confounding in a causal diagram, the association of body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) with health-related outcomes is almost always noncausal, attributable to confounding by weight and perhaps height. The same conclusion holds for any other deterministic derivation from weight and height. No causal knowledge is gained by estimating a nonexistent effect o...

Several studies have examined both physical characteristics and fitness of children and youth. The aim of the study was first, to find the tendency of changes in selected morphological characteristics of young male and female tennis players of various ages in the periods 1992-2000-2008; and second, to find the changes in selected variables of young tennis players and to compare them with the re...

INTRODUCTION Renal dimensions (RD) are important for the diagnostic and the prognostic of nephropathies. MATERIALS AND METHODS We selected 904 Brazilians subjects with normal excretory urographies, showing dense nephrogram at the 5th minute of the exam, serum creatinine < 1.3mg/dl, and absence of any disease that could modify RD. Length, width, and area of both kidneys were correlated with ge...

A series of lateral radiographs of the cervical spinal column was evaluated in order to determine vertebral body dimensions. The sample included males (N=30) and females (N=31) 18 to 24 years old, comprising three stature percentile ranges (1-20; 40-60; 80-99) of the U.S. adult population. A two-dimensional analysis of vertebral body height (average distance between superior-inferior surgaces),...

Key Points Summary We report how blood pressure, cardiac output and vascular resistance are related to height, weight, body surface area (BSA), and body mass index (BMI) in healthy young adults at supine rest and standing.Much inter-subject variability in young adult's blood pressure, currently attributed to health status, may actually result from inter-individual body size differences.Each car...

BACKGROUND It has been suggested that knee height is a determinant of knee joint load. Nonetheless, no study has directly examined the relationship between anthropometric measures of height and knee joint structures, such as cartilage. METHODS 89 asymptomatic community-based adults aged 25-62 with no diagnosed history of knee arthropathy were recruited. Anthropometric data (knee height and bo...

INTRODUCTION During growth, proportions of craniofacial and cervical structures are changed. Craniofacial and cervicovertebral structures are morphologically and functionally connected, but their each other's influence is still unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the changes in cervical lordosis and cervicovertebral morphology in different age periods and the possibility...

OBJECTIVE To characterize the body composition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children, especially those with growth failure (GF), using laboratory-based methods. DESIGN A cross-sectional study of body composition measurements. SETTING Urban, hospital-based body composition laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-four prepubertal children with HIV infection, aged 4 to 11 years, re...