4.1 Acoustic Microscopy Theory, Techniques, and Specimen Preparation The Physical Interaction between Ultrasound and Solid Media • A Historical Perspective of the Study of Bone with Acoustic Microscopy • Specimen Preparation • The Acoustic Microscope 4.2 Acoustic Studies of Cortical Bone Material Properties Low Frequency • High Frequency 4.3 Acoustic Microscopy and Biomaterials Analysis Acousti...

Introduction: Alendronate, a second generation bisphosphonate, is known to increase bone density by inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption. It is clincally used to treat osteoporosis, Paget’s disease and hypercalcemia associated with malignancy [1]. In clinical trials and animal studies, the effects are typically quantified by measuring bone mineral density. In this study, we sought to determi...

Bioceramic scaffolds such as silicate bioceramics have been widely used for bone tissue engineering. However, their high degradation rate, low mechanical strength and surface instability are main challenges compromising their bioactivity and cytocompatibility which further negatively affect the cell growth and attachment. In this study, we have investigated the effects of silk fibroin coating o...

A highly accurate (+/-3%) mechanical loading and measurement system combined with a trabecular bone diffusion culture-loading chamber has been developed, which provides the ability to study trabecular bone (and possibly) cartilage under controlled culture and loading conditions over long periods of time. The loading device has been designed to work in two main modes, either to apply a specific ...

Novel mathematical method called spectral measure method (SMM) is developed for characterization of bone structure and indirect estimation of bone properties. The spectral measure method is based on an inverse homogenization technique which allows to derive information about the structure of composite material from measured effective electric or viscoelastic properties. The mechanical propertie...

Vickers microhardness tests were used to gauge the mechanical "competence" (ability to resist bending and failure) of cortical and trabecular bone along the humeri of three bird species. Hardness was greatest at the mid-length portion of the shaft. The mean hardness of trabeculae, where present, was between 78.7 and 90.9% of that of the adjacent cortical bone. The possible causes of this are br...

During development, growth factors and hormones cooperate to establish the unique sizes, shapes and material properties of individual bones. Among these, TGF-beta has been shown to developmentally regulate bone mass and bone matrix properties. However, the mechanisms that control postnatal skeletal integrity in a dynamic biological and mechanical environment are distinct from those that regulat...

How to accurately control the microstructure of bioactive inorganic/organic nanocomposites still remains a significant challenge, which is of great importance in influencing their mechanical strength and biological properties. In this study, using a combined method of electrospinning and hot press processing, calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) nanowire/poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) nanocomposites with con...

Osteocalcin is one of the most abundant noncollagenous proteins in bone. It is strongly associated with the mineral phase of bone, and has long been associated as a marker of bone turnover. However, its relationship to bone composition, strength, and structure is unclear. Carp rib bone is an excellent model for the study, because osteocalcin represents almost 60% of the total extractable noncol...

Trabecular bone is a crucial and unique load-bearing tissue in the skeleton found near the ends of long bones and in the vertebral bodies. Trabecular bone has the ability to rapidly adapt to the mechanical loading environment by optimizing its mass and structure in order to bear high loads with as little bone tissue as possible, allowing bones to remain strong while minimizing their weight. Mea...