The USDA’s Market Access Program (formerly Market Promotion Program) recently underwent a major change to redirect all branded products export promotion funds to small domestic firms and cooperatives. The redirection responded to criticisms by the General Accounting Office of past allocations of branded products export promotion funds to large, experienced exporters. This study uses a firm-leve...

Drug therapy accounts for a major portion of health expenditure. A useful strategy for achieving cost efficient healthcare is drug utilisation research as it forms the basis for making amendments in drug policies and helps in rational drug use. The present observational study was conducted to generate data on drug utilization in inpatients of our tertiary care hospital to identify potential tar...

The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) continues to rise, placing an increasing burden on our health care system. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the most effective and widely used therapy for GERD. Many PPIs are now available in generic and over-the-counter forms, and managed care formularies often choose these as their preferred drug for GERD treatment. However, newer-gene...

the impact of the international sanctions on the central bank of iran in 2013 and also accessibility of medicines in this country have received a lot of media coverage. in this study we used the data collected from a group of pharmacies all located in tehran to assess the potential effects of the banking sanctions on access to asthma medicines. data were collected from forty community pharmacie...

BACKGROUND Sources of regional variation in spending for prescription drugs under Medicare Part D are poorly understood, and such variation may reflect differences in health status, use of effective treatments, or selection of branded drugs over lower-cost generics. METHODS We analyzed 2008 Medicare data for 4.7 million beneficiaries for prescription-drug use and expenditures overall and in t...

BACKGROUND Despite rising healthcare costs, generic drugs are less frequently dispensed in Japan compared with other developed countries. This study aimed to describe changes in dispensing of branded and generic drugs and to explore possible factors that promote the use of generic drugs. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using a Japanese medical and pharmacy claims database. A...

E-government services—electronic services made available by governments to stakeholders, citizens, businesses or governmental authorities—and their type of creation, duration and volatility, are showing dynamic changes in the public sector. E-government services cover all governmental measures at the levels of unions, states and local governments for qualitative improvement in citizen’s various...

Urban branding, as a new approach toward urban development, improves marketing of the city image in different ways by changing the visual image of the city into a brand image. This paper aims to survey the element of urban branding strategies in Iranian cities by examining the criteria of urban branding theory in Iranian cities. The main goal of this investigation is to describe how the cities ...

• Head-mounted display (HMD) virtual reality (VR) facilitates consumer learning. Virtual product appeal strengthens the effect of branded VR games on brand attitude. Brands in head-mounted can elicit emotional response. Emotional response mediates responses. marketing is here to stay—or at least that what generally believed. hardware rapidly becoming more accessible general public, and business...