2 Introduction The reaction between sugars and amino groups was first described in 1908 by two Englishmen, Ling & Malting, who considered color formation in beer. In 1912 Louis-Camille Maillard described a browning reaction between reducing sugars and amino groups. Despite not being the first to report the reaction, Maillard was the first to realize the significance of the reaction in areas as ...

Obesity occurs when excess energy accumulates in white adipose tissue (WAT), whereas brown adipose tissue (BAT), which is specialized in dissipating energy through thermogenesis, potently counteracts obesity. White adipocytes can be converted to thermogenic "brown-like" cells (beige cells; WAT browning) under various stimuli, such as cold exposure. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cruci...

Glycation, oxidation, and nonenzymatic browning of protein have all been implicated in the development of diabetic complications. The initial product of glycation of protein, fructoselysine (FL), undergoes further reactions, yielding a complex mixture of browning products, including the fluorescent lysine-arginine cross-link, pentosidine. Alternatively, FL may be cleaved oxidatively to form N(e...

The eggs of Teleogrylhis commodus, like those of many other species of insects, absorb water during their development. The water enters through the shell at a specific stage in the egg's development, and there is an as yet unresolved problem as to how the control of the flow of water is effected (Browning, 1967). Recently it has been shown that the isolated egg-shell of Locusta migratoria migra...

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves of 8 month (8m) plants showed more enzymatic browning than those of 3 month (3m). Total phenolic content increased from 4.6 to 9.4 mg/g FW in 3m and 8m, respectively, quantitated by reverse-phase-ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet-mass spectrometry (RP-UHPLC-UV-MS). The PPO activity was 6.7 times higher in extracts from 8m than from 3m l...

Changes in Maillard reaction of pidan white were monitored with A294, fluorescence intensity, and browning intensity during pickling in the absence and presence of Chinese black tea extract (Camellia sinensis) at levels of 2% and 5% together with 0.2% ZnCl2 or 0.2% CaCl2 up to 3 wk, followed by ageing for another 3 wk. Browning intensity and A294 of pidan white increased with increasing picklin...