In this paper, I identify whether shifts within budgets occur and investigate the variation of these shifts. Building on stochastic process methods, I find that budgets in all four cases exhibit mostly incremental changes punctuated by extreme shifts. In order to explain these punctuations in budget distributions, I rely on two models: partisan control of government and partisan distance of the...

The use of matching pursuits (MP) to compress motion compensated residual video signals and its extension to layered coding have recently been demonstrated in [1, 2]. In this paper we describe a multi-pass rate control scheme for SNR scalable encoding based on MP. The rate control algorithm enforces constant quality on each layer, while keeping the bit budget for each layer at a pre-specified t...

Budget forecasts are used by incumbent governments as a political tool to manage the elector particularly during an election cycle (Bruck and Stephan 2006). Incumbents apply budget forecasts strategically. They use short-term forecasts, which are more likely to be unbiased by political factors, annually. They rely on long-term forecasts, which are likely to be biased by political calculations, ...

Introduction Budget dynamics may sound as a contradiction in terms to scholars familiar with Wildavsky and colleagues' seminal work on public budgeting (Wildavsky 1964). As stated by Davis, Dempster, and Wildavsky (1966, 529): " This year's budget is based on last year's budget, with special attention given to a narrow range of increases or decreases. " For some years this simple model was cons...

We study optimal procurement mechanisms for a financially constrained buyer subject to ex post incentive compatibility and individual rationality. In our setup, a buyer who has a fixed budget wishes to purchase a homogeneous product up to a maximum demand amount. We characterize the optimal mechanism when the budget constraint always binds and when the maximum demand constraint always binds. Wh...

An Euler equation is a difference or differential equation that is an intertemporal first-order condition for a dynamic choice problem. It describes the evolution of economic variables along an optimal path. It is a necessary but not sufficient condition for a candidate optimal path, and so is useful for partially characterizing the theoretical implications of a range of models for dynamic beha...

In online advertising, advertisers purchase ad placements by participating in a long sequence of repeated auctions. One of the most important features advertising platforms often provide, and advertisers often use, is budget management, which allows advertisers to control their cumulative expenditures. Advertisers typically declare the maximum daily amount they are willing to pay, and the platf...

This qualitative study aimed to explore an under-researched issue within the emerging body of research about carers and personalisation - the carer-service user relationship. It was carried out across 11 English local authorities between 2011 and 2012 and focused on the impact of a change in the service user's social care arrangements to a personal budget on this relationship. Using purposive s...