Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is one of the common sensor system used for underground inspection which emits electromagnetic waves that can pass through objects. The reflecting waves are recorded and digitized, and then, the images are formed. According to the properties of scanning object, GPR creates higher or lower intensity values on the object regions. Thus, these changes in signal repres...

Abstract Underground pipeline systems dominate today’s urban area landscape. This buried system will continuously develop along with the utility change. The planning for underground pipelines should be done to avoid mistakes in path. Thus, mapping is necessary obtain a database any upcoming construction development. research purpose detect around areas using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) metho...

With the increasing demand for automation in agriculture, more and researchers are exploring application of digital twin agricultural production. However, existing studies have predominantly focused on enhancing resource utilization efficiency improving irrigation control systems production through implementation twins. Unfortunately, there is a noticeable research gap when it comes to applying...

Abstract As air pollution has become a major issue in nowadays world, reducing methane emissions from the natural gas transmission systems is an that definitely to be addressed. In order do that, there are few solutions available, such as replacement of steel pipes with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes. The main causes these leaks corrosion defects and third-party interventions. paper pre...