The spread of HIV between immune cells is greatly enhanced by cell-cell adhesions called virological synapses, although the underlying mechanisms have been unclear. With use of an infectious, fluorescent clone of HIV, we tracked the movement of Gag in live CD4 T cells and captured the direct translocation of HIV across the virological synapse. Quantitative, high-speed three-dimensional (3D) vid...

Two user studies evaluated gameplay on a touchscreen phone. A “run and gun” study compared a nanostick, foam buttons, a soft gamepad, and a Wii Remote. User performance was measured using Metal Slug on an Android phone. The Wii Remote performed best (fewer player deaths, lower completion times), the soft gamepad worst. The nano-stick was second best, but was rated on a par with the Wiimote by p...

In order to investigate the influence of learner-controlled pacing in educational animation on instructional efficiency, three versions of an audio-visual computer animation and a narration-only presentation were used to teach primary school students the determinants of day and night. The animations were either system-paced using a continuous animation, learner-paced using discrete segments or ...

We introduce a methodology to dynamically adjust the multimedia presentations as a result of user interactions during the playout. A constraint-driven approach is described for the automated assembly, organization and playout of presentations from multimedia databases. To allow interactive user control over the playout of an automatically generated presentation, an arbitrary number of control b...

Text messaging on smartphones uses a full soft keyboard instead of the numeric buttons on traditional mobile phones. While being more intuitive, the lack of tactile feedback from physical buttons increases the need for user focus, which may compromise safety in certain settings. This paper reports from an empirical study of the effect of text messaging on road safety. We compared the use of a t...

A growing number of individuals who are blind or visually impaired is using smartphones in their daily activities. The touchscreen is a standard component of smartphones. While benefitting people with low vision by enhancing control of the text style and color and the size of images and text, the touchscreen has the downside for visually impaired users in that physical buttons for input of comm...

The survival of donor corneal epithelium was investigated in rabbits after they received unilateral 8 mm diameter lamellar keratoplasties with living donor tissue of a different sex from the host. Three weeks, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks postoperatively, cultured corneal epithelia, grown from 5 mm diameter central buttons, the adjacent 0.75 mm wide donor rings, the peripheral 10 to 13 mm diameter rin...

A basic understanding of physics and orientation is essential for understanding ultrasound. However, when standing in front of the ultrasound machine, you need to make some concrete decisions about what probe to use, and what buttons to press, in order to obtain a good image—sometimes known as knobology. This chapter covers the basics of probes and probe selection as well as the buttons found o...

The game LIGHTS OUT! is played on a 5× 5 square grid of buttons; each button may be on or off. Pressing a button changes the on/off state of the light of the button pressed and of all its vertical and horizontal neighbors. Given an initial configuration of buttons that are on, the object of the game is to turn all the lights out. The game can be generalized to arbitrary graphs. In this paper, C...

Current graphical user interfaces (GUI) are too cumbersome to use in the early stage of creative activities. Nested menus, arrays of buttons, and dialog boxes interfere with the flexible exploration. As a result, especially in visual task domain, most people rely on traditional pen and paper for the initial exploration, and move to the computers later. Our goal is to provide fluent user interfa...