To understand the adaptive mechanisms, and the strategy and direction of evolution of exploiting plants for living in oasis-desert transitional areas where there was a water gradient, mechanisms of C4 photosynthesis and antioxidative protection were studied in leaves and assimilating shoots of C3 desert shrub Hedysarum scoparium under water gradient accompanied with high irradiance and high tem...

The present paper reviews current knowledge on how changes of plant metabolism under elevated CO2 concentrations (e[CO2]) can affect the development of the glyphosate resistance of C3 and C4 weeds. Among the chemical herbicides, glyphosate, which is a non-selective and post-emergence herbicide, is currently the most widely used herbicide in global agriculture. As a consequence, glyphosate resis...

C4 plants have up to 10-fold higher apparent CO2 assimilation rates than the most productive C3 plants. This requires higher fluxes of metabolic intermediates across the chloroplast envelope membranes of C4 plants in comparison with those of C3 plants. In particular, the fluxes of metabolites involved in the biochemical inorganic carbon pump of C4 plants, such as malate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate,...

Serum C3 and C4 levels have been measured in healthy subjects and patients with hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer. A significant elevation of serum C4 was found in liver cancer and reduction in cirrhosis. There was a direct correlation between bilirubin levels and C3 in hepatitis and serum albumin and C3 in cirrhosis. Serum C4 appears to be a more sensitive indicator of liver d...

The repeated evolution of C4 photosynthesis in independent lineages has resulted in distinct biogeographical distributions in different phylogenetic lineages and the variants of C4 photosynthesis. However, most previous studies have only considered C3/C4 differences without considering phylogeny, C4 subtype, or habitat characteristics. We hypothesized that independent lineages of C4 grasses hav...

Hepatocytes which had been isolated from the livers of Charles River rats were cultured in vitro. The cells were shown to synthesize albumin and the complement components C4, C2, C3 and B. Pulse-label studies with [35S]methionine showed that C4 and C3 were synthesized as single polypeptide chains. Pro-C4 did not appear to be converted into the plasma form of C4 intracellularly, whereas cell lys...