Coffin-Lowry Syndrome (CLS) is an X-linked mental retardation condition associated with skeletal abnormalities. The gene mutated in CLS, RSK2, encodes a growth factor-regulated kinase. However, the cellular and molecular bases of the skeletal abnormalities associated with CLS remain unknown. Here, we show that RSK2 is required for osteoblast differentiation and function. We identify the transcr...

Cardiolipin (CL) is a phospholipid localized to the mitochondria, and its biosynthesis is essential for mitochondrial structure and function. We report here the identification and characterization of a cDNA encoding the first mammalian cardiolipin synthase (CLS1) in humans and mice. This cDNA exhibits sequence homology with members of a CLS gene family that share similar domain structure and ch...

We explore different applications of Canonical Least Squares (CLS) clustering on a corpus of sparse medical claims from a particular health insurance provider. We find that there are several reasons why most conclusions based on CLS clusters might be misleading, especially when the data is significantly sparse. We illustrate these findings by performing a number of synthetic experiments with th...

Using connectionless servers (CLS) is one way to provide connectionless services in ATM networks. Number and location of these CLSs must be carefully selected because of their significant influence on the performance of the connectionless data traffic. In this paper a method is presented that is able to propose a minimum CLS set necessary to achieve a certain performance in arbitrary ATM networ...

Applications for lignin and lignosulfonates are limited today due to the undefined structure and varying properties of the substance. However, lignin, as the second most abundant bio-resource besides cellulose and the bio-resource with one of the highest natural carbon contents, has the potential to act as a precursor for carbon materials. In this study we have applied a Kraft lignin and a sodi...

This study compares the effectiveness of multi-micronutrient formulations containing iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) with traditional (EDTA, DTPA, HEEDTA, and EDDHAm) or novel chelates (o,p-EDDHA, S,S-EDDS, and IDHA) and natural complexing agents (gluconate and lignosulfonate). The stability and reactivity of the formulations were studied on batch experiments with calcareous soil and b...

The present study characterizes the dynamic interfacial properties of calf lung surfactant (CLS) and samples reconstituted in a stepwise fashion from phospholipid (PL), hydrophobic apoprotein (HA), surfactant apoprotein A (SP-A), and neutral lipid fractions. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), the major PL component of surfactant, was examined for comparison. Surface tension was measured ove...

Obesity is frequently associated with a chronic low-grade inflammation within adipose tissue (AT). Although classical signs of inflammation are missing in AT inflammation, there is a significant increase in macrophages and, to a lesser extent, other immune cells, such as T cells, B cells, mast cells, and neutrophils. The spatial and temporal activation of these cells as well as their accumulati...

In this paper the integer-valued autoregressive model of order one, contaminated with additive or innovational outliers is studied in some detail, parameter estimation is also addressed. In particular, the asymptotic behavior of conditional least squares (CLS) estimators is analyzed. We suppose that the time points of the outliers are known, but their sizes are unknown. It is proved that the CL...