We have investigated the polarization dependent loss (PDL) and the differential group delay (DGD) of mechanically induced long-period fiber gratings. A birefringence compensation method is also presented.

background: noise-induced hearing loss (nihl) is one of the most common occupational illnesses. most of the studies on nihl were conducted at high noise levels that people are rarely exposed to but in industries. the function of the outer hair cells (ohcs) is impaired after exposure to industrial noise. distortion product otoacoustic emissions (dpoaes) are useful in examination of noise-induced...

Evolutionary loss of traits can result from negative selection on a specific phenotype, or if the trait is selectively neutral, because the phenotype associated with the trait has become redundant. Even essential traits may be lost, however, if the resulting phenotypic deficiencies can be compensated for by the environment or a symbiotic partner. Here we demonstrate that loss of an essential me...

Endoreduplication, a modified cell cycle that allows cells to increase ploidy without subsequent cell division, is a key component of plant growth and development. In this work, we show that some, but not all, of the endoreduplication of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is mediated by the expression of a WD40 gene, FIZZY-RELATED2 (FZR2). Loss-of-function alleles show reduced endoreduplication...