Mark Carney, Value(s): Building a Better World for All. William Collins (2021), 608 pp. ISBN: 978-0008463618 (hb, £30.00); 978-0008421199 (pb, £10.99); 978-0008421144 (e-book, £5.99) Ben S. Bernanke, 21st Century Monetary Policy: The Federal Reserve from the Great Inflation to COVID-19. WW Norton & Co (2022), 512 978-1324020462 £25.00); 978-1324020479 £25.00) Bank of England Act 1998 marked pra...

A growing number of central banks are considering the issuance bank digital currencies (CBDCs). CBDCs for general public (“retail CBDCs”) would constitute a liability and form cash. To public, they be an alternative to issued cash private money, such as traditional deposits. The evolution payments plays pivotal role in developing CBDCs. Given declining some jurisdictions, new money may contribu...

How much capital should the central bank of a country hold? There is no consensus on this matter. We review balance sheets 45 banks from around world to describe actual practices. The principal findings are: (a) average capital-asset ratio globally (net revaluation which purely an accounting entry) 6.56 percent while number in emerging economies 6.96 percent; and (b) our Value-at-Risk estimates...

in this paper, we will review the foreign exchange market and will try to extract an exchange market pressure and an intervention index for iran by following the weymark (1995) approach to evaluate the central bank of iran’s exchange rate policy during 1368:q1 to 1391:q3. the estimation method employed, is the econometric technique known in the literature as the two-stage least squares (2sls).t...