Recent nautiloid and ammonoid finds from the Middle Triassic Zuhánya Limestone Formation in Mecsek Mountains (south Hungary) proved that formation encompasses whole Pelsonian lower Illyrian substages of Anisian Stage. On basis 11 identified species, Balatonicus Trinodosus zones have a complete record. The stratigraphical position on corresponds to Felsőörs Balaton Highland. palaeobiogeographica...

BACKGROUND The Subclass Coleoidea (Class Cephalopoda) accommodates the diverse present-day internally shelled cephalopod mollusks (Spirula, Sepia and octopuses, squids, Vampyroteuthis) and also extinct internally shelled cephalopods. Recent Spirula represents a unique coleoid retaining shell structures, a narrow marginal siphuncle and globular protoconch that signify the ancestry of the subclas...

Externally shelled cephalopods were important elements in open marine habitats throughout Earth history. Paleotemperatures calculated on the basis of the oxygen isotope composition of their shells can provide insights into ancient marine systems as well as the ecology of this important group of organisms. In some sedimentary deposits, however, the aragonitic shell of the ammonite or nautilid is...

Mitochondrial protein-coding genes (mt genes) encode subunits forming complexes of crucial cellular pathways, including those involved in the vital process of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Despite the vital role of the mitochondrial genome (mt genome) in the survival of organisms, little is known with respect to its adaptive implications within marine invertebrates. The molluscan Class Ce...

What are deimatic displays? ‘Deimatic’ comes from the Greek δειματσω, ‘to frighten’, and is generally used to describe behaviour in which, when under attack, prey suddenly unleash unexpected defences to frighten their predators and stop the attack. Deimatic displays have also been referred to as deimatic reaction, startle display, responsive defence, dymantic display, dymantic coloration, frigh...

The present study was conducted to examine the feeding habits of kingsoldier bream, Argyrops spinifer (Sparidae) from offshore waters Pakistan. Total 629 specimens collected using bottom trawlers (North Arabian Sea) Pakistan on monthly basis. Samples were taken landing center laboratory analyze variability in choice foods. Examination gut contents A. revealed that this fish is carnivore habit v...

Stubbs and Stubbs present a novel visual mechanism based on chromatic aberration that might allow animals with only one spectral photoreceptor-type to perceive color (1) (see ref. 1 for details about their mechanism). The authors chose cephalopods to showcase their hypothesis and claim that discrepancies between earlier (2, 3) and recent (4, 5) negative behavioral color vision tests in cephalop...