The choroid plexuses of all ventricles receive a well-developed adrenergic and cholinergic innervation reaching both the secretory epithelium and the vascular smooth muscle cells. Also peptidergic nerves, containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, are present but primarily associated only with the vascular bed. A sympathetic inhibitory effect on the plexus epithelium has been indicated in de...

Introduction The pain after thyroid surgery is considered of moderate intensity and short duration. Most trials showed significant reduction in pain intensity and severity of pain in patients for whom bilateral superficial cervical plexus block (BSCPB) was done. Objective To assess the postoperative analgesic effect of BSCPB for thyroid surgery. Methods Sixty six euthyroid patients were rec...

BACKGROUND A combination of bilateral superficial cervical plexus block (BSCPB) and general anesthesia is recommended for thyroid surgery. Proof of the efficacy of this combination remains weak. Furthermore, data on the safety of this regimen are lacking. Therefore, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of BSCPB as an adjunct to general anesth...

Background: General Anaesthesia with controlled ventilation is the conventional technique for thyroid surgery. But this surgery can also be performed under regional anaesthesia with conscious sedation. AimTo observe the operative condition and patient safety for thyroid surgery performed under regional anaesthesia with conscious sedation. Method: This prospective observational cross-sectional s...

OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of cervical spine radiography in injured children under 11 years old, and suggest improvements. METHODS Retrospective survey of radiographs and accident and emergency records for children examined during a one year period in a large teaching hospital. RESULTS No cervical spine fractures occurred in this age group during the year. The recorded clinical ...

BACKGROUND The literature dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of cervical spine injuries is considerable. Absent, however, are comprehensive criteria or guidelines for permitting or prohibiting return to collusion activities such as tackle football. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this report is to describe developmental and posttraumatic conditions of the cervical spine as presenting (1) no co...

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Cervical spine dislocations represent an area of great controversy among spine surgeons. PURPOSE The purpose of this review is to present the specific areas of controversy and to provide a review of the literature. STUDY DESIGN A case of cervical spine dislocation is presented to illustrate the major controversies related to the treatment of cervical spine dislocations. ...

Cervical spine immobilization is an essential component of the ATLS(®) system. Inadequate training in the management of trauma calls and failure of early recognition can have disastrous consequences. Pre-hospital personnel are routinely involved more in the assessment and stabilization of patients in comparison to other health care professionals.This case study and review highlights the importa...

This article reviews the historical context, indications, techniques, and complications of four posterior fixation techniques to stabilize the subaxial cervical spine. Specifically, posterior wiring, laminar screw fixation, lateral mass fixation, and pedicle screw fixation are among the common methods of operative fixation of the subaxial cervical spine. While wiring and laminar screw fixation ...

Pediatric cervical spine injuries (CSIs) are rare [1]. Nevertheless, their significance cannot be understated, considering the peculiarities of injury patterns, clinical presentation, diagnostic dilemma and management of these injuries, in comparison to the adult counterparts [2]. They also contribute to a significant proportion of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric patients [1]. The appr...