Abstract We review the transport properties of strongly interacting quark-gluon plasma (QGP) created in heavy-ion collisions at ultrarelativistic energies, i.e. out-of equilibrium, and compare them to equilibrium properties. The description (non-perturbative) QGP is based on effective propagators couplings from Dynamical QuasiParticle Model (DQPM) that matched reproduce equation-of-state parton...

Easily accessible, primitive chemical structures produced by self-assembly of hydrophobic substances into oil droplets may result in self-moving agents able to sense their environment and move to avoid equilibrium. These structures would constitute very primitive examples of life on the Earth, even more primitive than simple bilayer vesicle structures. A few examples of simple chemical systems ...

BACKGROUND Proteins of various compositions are required by organisms inhabiting different environments. The energetic demands for protein formation are a function of the compositions of proteins as well as geochemical variables including temperature, pressure, oxygen fugacity and pH. The purpose of this study was to explore the dependence of metastable equilibrium states of protein systems on ...

The concept of balanced chemical reactions, introduced by Wenzel in 1777l and made more exact by Berthollet in 1801, was put into the quantitatively useful form of the law of mass action by Guldberg and Waage in 1867. In 1877 van’t Hoff showed how this law could be derived from the principles of thermodynamics, without introducing the vague idea of chemical force, and in 1887 Arrhenius applied ...