The inhibitory effects of local anesthetics (LAs) of cocaine and bupivacaine optical isomers on Na+ currents were studied in clonal GH3 cells under whole-cell patch clamp conditions. At holding potential of -100 mV, all four isomers inhibited peak Na+ currents when the cell was stimulated infrequently. The dose-response curves of this tonic block of peak Na+ currents by (-)/(+) cocaine and (-)/...

The antifungal activity of N-chlorotaurine (NCT), a long-lived oxidant produced by stimulated human leucocytes, was investigated. Incubation of Aspergillus spp., Candida spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp. and Alternaria spp. in 1% NCT (55 mM) for 1-4 h produced a log10 reduction in cfu of between 1 and 4. In samples of nasal secretion, killing was significantly hastened (30 min), which may b...

Drinking water biofilm development is affected by the available nutrient levels and the presence of disinfectants. Phosphorus is recognized as another important limiting nutrient besides organic carbon. In this study, drinking water biofilms were developed in annular reactors to examine the effects of phosphorus on the biofilm disinfections with free chlorine and monochloramine. Phosphorus addi...

OBJECTIVE To introduce a new sequential chlorination disinfection process in which short-term free chlorine and chloramine are sequentially added. METHODS Pilot tests of this sequential chlorination were carried out in a drinking water plant. RESULTS The sequential chlorination disinfection process had the same or better efficiency on microbe (including virus) inactivation compared with the...

Society’s preference for bottled water mainly comes from a dislike of the mildly pungent taste and odor of tap water. Such odor and taste may be caused by chlorine residual (in the form of free chlorine or chloramines), which is maintained in a water distribution system to prevent regrowth of microorganisms and is thus present in tap water. To encourage individuals who drink bottled water to sh...

Four new methods are described for the assay of salbutamol sulphate(SBS) in bulk drug and in dosage forms using chloramine-T and two dyes, methyl orange and indigocarmine, as reagents. In direct titrimetry (method A), aqueous solution of SBS is titrated with chloramine-T(CAT) in hydrochloric acid medium and in the presence of excess of potassium bromide, using methyl orange indicator. Back titr...

Proteins labeled with either (3)H by reductive methylation or (125)I by the chloramine-T method were incubated with Xenopus laevis oocytes; the incorporation and acid precipitability of the proteins were then studied. The uptake rates of both specifically incorporated (vitellogenin) and nonspecifically incorporated proteins (bovine serum albumin and X. laevis serum proteins lacking albumin) wer...

Many methods for chromatographic separation of amino acids are now available, but their subsequent determination, generally employing ninhydrin, often leaves much to be desired. It was felt, therefore, that there was a need for a simple method of analysis based on the convenient paper technique and employing some means of determination less fickle than ninhydrin colorimetry. The method now pres...

Iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM), used medically to highlight soft tissues, are considered generally safe, and patients excrete 95% of the dose within 24 hours, making them a valuable tool in medical imaging. But a new study shows that excreted ICM react with chloramine and chlorine at water treatment plants to form toxic iodinated disinfection by-products (iodo-DBPs). 1 " ICM are definitel...

The inactivation kinetics of cell-associated and dispersed hepatitis A virus (HAV) by free chlorine and monochloramine were compared. Cell-associated HAV was always inactivated more slowly than dispersed HAV. Values of C x T or other disinfection criteria for inactivation of HAV and other enteric viruses should be based on viruses associated with cells or other solids because they are better mo...