The awareness to protect the environment from the harmful effects of CFCs has motivated the refrigeration scientists and engineers to study alternative refrigerants to replace the CFCs even in the existing units. This paper presents a thermodynamic study of hydrocarbon blends (Propane/lsobutane) and blends of HFC-134a-HC-600a as a possible "drop-in" (some electrical component to be changed to m...

Using a one-dimensional radiative-convective model, we perform a sensitivity study of the effect of ozone depletion in the stratosphere on the surface temperature. There could be a cooling of the surface temperature by -0.2 K due to chlorofluoromethane-induced ozone depletion at steady state (assuming 1973 release rates). This cooling reduces significantly the greenhouse effect due to the prese...

Bionanomedicine and environmental research share need common terms and ontologies. This study applied knowledge systems, data mining, and bibliometrics used in nano-scale ADME research from 1991 to 2011. The prominence of nano-ADME in environmental research began to exceed the publication rate in medical research in 2006. That trend appears to continue as a result of the growing products in com...

Here we present Primer3Plus, a new web interface to the popular Primer3 primer design program as an enhanced alternative for the CGIscripts that come with Primer3. Primer3 consists of a command line program and a web interface. The web interface is one large form showing all of the possible options. This makes the interface powerful, but at the same time confusing for occasional users. Primer3P...

The present field study examined commuters’ (N = 152) willingness to fund improvements in public transit. Consistent with Samuelson’s (1993; Samuelson & Messick, 1995) multiattribute evaluation model of structural change in social dilemmas, support for the transit plan was higher when it was perceived to be (a) effective at reducing congestion and pollution, (b) personally beneficial, and (c) f...

Modern local therapy for lung diseases is now largely based on pressurized metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). The research of alternatives to MDIs has recently accelerated, primarily due to environmental concerns related to the use of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) propellants. The most recent and attractive solution to this problem is represented by the development of dry powder inhalers (DPIs), particul...

A combination of ground water modeling, chemical and dissolved gas analyses, and chlorofluorocarbon age dating of water was used to determine the relation between changes in agricultural practices, and NO3- concentrations in ground water of a glacial outwash aquifer in west-central Minnesota. The results revealed a redox zonation throughout the saturated zone with oxygen reduction occurring nea...

QUESTION A healthy woman with mild to moderate asthma came to my clinic today after learning that she was pregnant. She inquired about continuing her inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) medication and whether there would be any risks to her unborn child if she were to do so. What would you advise? ANSWER Given the published evidence, ICSs should be continued throughout pregnancy at low to moderate d...

Once an arcane topic even among environmental economists, emissions trading systems have substantially increased during this past decade in the USA. Moreover, the implementation of these systems has necessitated increased involvement of professionals in many fields besides economics. This paper reviews the practical experience of the six major types of emissions trading systems, focusing on cre...

The purpose of this review is to discuss the impact of nanocarriers administered by pulmonary route to treat and to diagnose respiratory and non respiratory diseases. Indeed, during the past 10 years, the removal of chlorofluorocarbon propellants from industrial and household products intended for the pulmonary route has lead to the developments of new alternative products. Amongst these ones, ...