Since 1970s the evaluation and treatment of bile duct lesions have been accomplished mostly by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). However, neither ERCP nor other imaging procedures (e.g., endoscopic ultrasound) allow for safe diagnosis of these lesions. Since the emergence of the fiberoptic SpyGlass Direct Visualization System (SDVS) (Boston Scientific, Natick, Massachusetts...

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) is the most widely used modality for diagnosis and treatment of biliary disease. Although many other novel technologies have been developed based on recent advances in endoscopy, PTCS has its own role. In diagnostics, PTCS is used for evaluation of indeterminate biliary strictures, bile duct tumors, and postoperative biliary strictures that cannot...

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