Reforestation, which converts abandoned farmland back into forestland by planting woody species, can provide habitat for wildlife, including the brown bear (Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758). In Shiretoko World Heritage site, northern Japan, where bears occur at high density, conifers have been planted since 1970s to reforest farmland. this area, were first observed digging cicada Lyristes bihamatus...

You have probably heard the cicadas sing a lazy summer afternoon in the countryside. You may not be aware though, that cicadas spend most of their life underground, coming out only for about two weeks, during which they sing, reproduce and die. Most surprising in this respect are two species of cicadas that live in the Eastern and Southern United States. These cicadas spend respectively sevente...

Cicadas tend to be affected by vicariance reflecting poor mobility of nymphs underground and weak flying ability adults. However, modern collection records invasive cicada, combined with typhoon tracks, newly obtained phylogeographic data suggest long distance, relatively instantaneous, dispersal some vicariantly speciated cicadas. We address the importance this mechanism applied representative...