In the usual instance of an intracardiac right-toleft shunt the blood participating in the shunt traverses a capillary bed before it returns to the chamber from which it originated. In an uncommon instance some of the shunted blood returns to the chamber of origin through intracardiac channels, yielding a phenomenon which may be termed a 'circular' shunt. This term was first used with reference...

Introduction: Physical sedimentology experiments using a 39% concentration of sulfuric acid have produced three distinct features, which are similar to features seen on Mars. However, these sedimen-tary features could not be created using pure water in the laboratory. These three features include deeply-incised, narrow channels, cracks that run parallel to the flow direction, and circular depre...

OBJECTIVE The performance and usability of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) can be improved by new paradigms, stimulation methods, decoding strategies, sensor technology etc. In this study we introduce new stimulation and decoding methods for electroencephalogram (EEG)-based BCIs that have targets flickering at the same frequency but with different phases. APPROACH The phase information is es...

Delivery of nutrients and oxygen within three-dimensional (3D) tissue constructs is important to maintain cell viability. We built 3D cell-laden hydrogels to validate a new tissue perfusion model that takes into account nutrition consumption. The model system was analyzed by simulating theoretical nutrient diffusion into cell-laden hydrogels. We carried out a parametric study considering differ...

Self-propelled particle (SPP) models are often compared with animal swarms. However, the collective animal behaviour observed in experiments often leaves considerable unconstrained freedom in the structure of a proposed model. Essentially, multiple models can describe the observed behaviour of animal swarms in simple environments. To tackle this degeneracy, we study swarms of SPPs in non-trivia...

We study the process of diffusive conduction that we use in our optoelectronic switches to achieve rapid optical switching on a picosecond time scale . We present the characteristic Green’s function of the diffusive conduction derived for arbitrary initial conditions. We also report the series solutions of the diffusive conduction obtained for different boundary conditions V=0 and V=0 along the...

Genetic Programming has been used to determine Chèzy resistance coefficient for full circular corrugated channels. Three corrugated plastic pipes have been experimentally studied in order to generate data. The tests aim at measuring hydraulic parameters of the open-channel flow for some slopes, from 3.49–17.37% (2–10°), in order to discover the dependence of the channel resistance coefficient w...

The NaChBac sodium channel from Bacillus halodurans is a homologue of eukaryotic voltage-gated sodium channels. It can be solubilized in a range of detergents and consists of four identical subunits assembled as a tetramer. Sodium channels are relatively flexible molecules, adopting different conformations in their closed, open and inactivated states. This study aimed to design and construct a ...

Voltage-gated sodium channels are dynamic membrane proteins characterized by rapid conformational changes that switch the molecule between closed resting, activated, and inactivated states. Sodium channels are specifically blocked by the anticonvulsant drug lamotrigine, which preferentially binds to the channel pore in the inactivated open state. Batrachotoxin is a lipid-soluble alkaloid that c...

Double-membrane-spanning gap junction (GJ) channels cluster into two-dimensional arrays, termed plaques, to provide direct cell-to-cell communication. GJ plaques often contain circular, channel-free domains ( approximately 0.05-0.5 mum in diameter) identified >30 y ago and termed nonjunctional membrane (NM) domains. We show, by expressing the GJ protein connexin43 (Cx43) tagged with green fluor...