This present work deliberately abandons the purpose of capturing the global resemblance between languages and the ambition of giving a rational foundation to probability of changes in linguistics, to focus instead on cladistic approach, which was applied to different dialects and data (gallo-romance, southern italo-romance) through an original coding of philological derivations. Results show go...

Schwarz, G. 1978. Estimating the dimension of a model. Ann. Stat. 6:461–465. Semple, C., and M. Steel. 2003. Phylogenetics. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Sober, E. 1988. Reconstructing the past—Parsimony, evolution, and inference. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Sober, E. 2002. Reconstructing ancestral character states—A likelihood perspective on cladistic parsimony. The Monist 85:156– ...

The main directions of the evolutionary transformation of some genital structures are demonstrated on the basis of morphoclines. Due to the adequate stability in position of the muscles in the copulatory apparatus the functional morphological method is suffi ciently reliable in solving taxonomic and phylogenetic problems. Some important misinterpretations of the homology in genital structures a...

The Holarctic genus Piezura Rondani (Diptera, Fanniidae) is reviewed. Phylogenetic relationships among the species in this group, as well as the biogeography of these species, are discussed on the basis of a cladistic analysis. Piezura graminicola shanxiensis Xue, Wang and Wu, 1998 is redescribed and elevated to species rank based on comparison of its morphology and phylogenetic relationships. ...

Cryptococcus neoformans, the agent of cryptococcosis, had been considered a homogeneous species until 1949 when the existence of four serotypes was revealed based on the antigenic properties of its polysaccharide capsule. Such heterogeneity of the species, however, remained obscure until the two morphologically distinct teleomorphs of C. neoformans were discovered during the mid 1970s. The tele...

Over the past 10 years, the phylogenetic relationships among higher-level artiodactyl taxa have been examined with multiple data sets. Many of these data sets suggest that Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) is paraphyletic and that Cetacea (whales) represents a highly derived "artiodactyl" subgroup. In this report, phylogenetic relationships between Cetacea and artiodactyls are tested with a co...

Six copies of the mariner element from the genomes of Drosophila mauritiana and Drosophila simulans were chosen at random for DNA sequencing and functional analysis and compared with the highly active element Mos1 and the inactive element peach. All elements were 1286 base pairs in length, but among them there were 18 nucleotide differences. As assayed in Drosophila melanogaster, three of the e...

Currently, gene sequence genealogies of the Oligotrichea Bütschli, 1889 comprise only few species. Therefore, a cladistic approach, especially to the Oligotrichida, was made, applying Hennig's method and computer programs. Twenty-three characters were selected and discussed, i.e., the morphology of the oral apparatus (five characters), the somatic ciliature (eight characters), special organelle...

The phylogenetic relationships of Ig light chain (IGL) genes are difficult to resolve, because these genes are short and evolve relatively fast. Here, we classify the IGL sequences from 12 tetrapod species into three distinct groups (kappa, lambda, and sigma isotypes) using conserved amino acid residues, recombination signal sequences, and genomic organization of IGL genes as cladistic markers....

Trilophosauridae are an extinct group of archosauromorphs from the Upper Triassic western North America and Nova Scotia. Possible trilophosaurids Tricuspisaurus thomasi Variodens inopinatus have also been reported fissure fills in southwest United Kingdom, based on their multi-cuspid dentitions. Here, we provide updated description V. add to T. thomasi, including re-examining CT scans its holot...